Robin Warren is distinguished for the discovery of Helicobacter pylori, the bacterium that causes a range of gastric disorders, including peptic ulcers, gastritis and gastric cancer. Persisting in the face of scepticism and setbacks he and Barry Marshall demonstrated how H. pylori was able to survive in stomach acid. Their research has resulted in effective treatments for a variety of gastric ailments, sparing thousands of people world-wide a lifetime of pain and distress.

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Professor Gordon Wall has made highly significant and original contributions to the development of Algebra, in particular to the Theory of Groups. His early work on projective groups over finite fields, published jointly with Richard Brauer and Michio Suzuki (though first arrived at independently), has been pivotal in the recent spectacular advances of finite group theory. Since then he has made surprising counter-examples to a conjecture of Szekeres, that had baffled many leading researchers, and he has many more deep results to his credit. He has always instinctingly given of his ideas to his collaborators and younger colleagues.

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Professor Wake has an international reputation in two areas of biochemistry. In the relatively short period of six years he made substantial contributions to milk protein chemistry. His understanding of the biological activity of kappa-casein provided one of the first recognitions of partitioning of polar and non-polar amino acids within a protein. Subsequently, Wake has gained recognition for a series of fundamental discoveries concerning the mechanism of bacterial chromosome replication. He provided a break-through in the understanding of multi-forked chromosomes and published the definitive work of bidirectionality of DNA replication. He has utilised Bacillus subtilis sporulation and germination to penetrating advantage in studying the control of replication and cell division, showing that septation can occur without chromosome termination and developing a novel method of analysis of the replication terminus region. Wake participated in one of the earliest demonstrations of in vitro semi­conservative replication of DNA polymerase and he also provided the earliest conclusive evidence for concatamers of the chromosome of bacteriophage lambda.

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Turner has made major contributions to the understanding of many dynamical processes in the atmosphere and ocean, using imaginative laboratory model experiments and related theory. His pioneering work on turbulent convection, on entrainment in stably stratified flows, and on mixing across density interfaces is widely known and applied in various disciplines. Much international observational and interpretative study of oceanic microstructure has been initiated and inspired by Turner's work in the new field of double­ diffusive convection. Another major research contribution is his monograph 'Buoyancy effects in fluids' which covers the frontiers of knowledge and provides the first authoritative overview of the whole subject.

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Tuck has an international reputation as a world leader in the area of ship hydrodynamics. In that field he has made substantial contributions to hydrodynamics of ships in shallow water, under the action of waves and ship­to-ship interaction. Nevertheless the bulk of his publications are devoted to other areas of application of mathematics. The high quality of this output, combined with his productivity, has established Tuck as an Applied Mathematician of high international standing independently of his ship work.

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Mr Thompson has made major contributions to the precise measurement of physical quantities, particularly electrical, which have formed the basis of a revolution in accurate measurement around the world. His enunciation in 1956 of a new theorem in electrostatics led to a capacitance accurately calculable in terms of length. This and his development of three-terminal capacitors and a. c. bridges incorporating ratio transformers enabled him to relate the 'ohm' to absolute measurements of length and time accurately and simply. His suggestions to use capacitance probes for sensing displacement and the commercial development of his a. c. bridge have greatly increased the accuracies obtainable over a wide range of physical research, e.g. with geophysical tiltmeters, magnetostriction, thermal expansion, pressure gauges. In 1965 he was awarded the Sperry Medal by the Instrument Society of America (jointly with D. G. Lampard) and in 1968 was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Engineering by the University of Hannover, West Germany.

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Distinguished for his work on the distribution of trace elements and their behaviour in geological processes. He has contributed greatly to the development of spectrographic methods of analysis and pioneered the use of spark source mass spectrography on geological materials. He developed methods using the variations in the ratios of elements entering the same lattice sites to provide genetic information about crystallization processes in igneous rocks. This has had important application to the study of andesitic volcanic rocks in orogenic regions and suggests that they are derived from the mantle and not the crust as previously supposed. He has made extensive studies of tektites and meteorite impact glasses and identified the source material of Henbury and Darwin glass. He has throughout been a strong supporter of the terrestrial origin of tektites and indicated a sandstone-like material as likely parent for the Australites. Recently, he has been involved in the preliminary analysis of the lunar samples at the lunar receiving laboratory, Houston.

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Dr. Symons' work has been on various aspects of nucleic acids, a field to which he has contributed in breadth and depth. His initial major contribution was in a chemical method for preparing p32-labelled nucleotide phosphates, work which made him a household name in nucleic acid laboratories all over the world. Following significant contributions to the field of peptidyl transferase in ribosomes, he has concentrated on plant viruses and viroids and has an international reputation in this area. He has been one of the leaders in introducing the techniques of molecular biology into this field and has made important contributions to our knowledge of the tripartite viruses. His work on viroids has led, among other things, to the discovery of a new viroid and an elegant rapid method for the detection of viroid diseases in plants based on hybridization of cDNA.

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Professor Sutherland has a most distinguished research record in the molecular and cellular biology of hormone dependent cancers and is widely recognised internationally for his pioneering work in understanding the mechanism of action of sex steroids and their antagonists in the control of cell cycle progression. His work on the molecular genetics of breast cancer and its close integration with fundamental studies on the control of breast cell proliferation and differentiation has been a major contribution to the rapidly developing insight into the aetiology of human breast cancer. His research on elucidating the novel mechanism of action of estrogen antagonists has substantially underpinned the development of important therapies in the area of women's health.

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