Professor Renfree has made a sustained and major contribution to reproductive physiology and sexual development of marsupials during the past 25 years and she is now the leader of the strongest group in this field anywhere in the world. She was the first to demonstrate the nutritional and endocrine functions of the marsupial placenta, the afferent arc from the mammary gland involved in the maintenance of the embryonic diapause and the occurrence of diapause in the honey possum. More recently she has led the work on understanding the control of parturition in marsupials and on sex determination and sexual differentiation. Not only has her work greatly enlarged understanding of marsupials but it has contributed to general understanding of these processes in other mammals.

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Professor James Angus was the first to show the in vivo role of endothelium-dependent relaxing factor on arterial reactivity and to develop a mass culture system for studying its release in vitro. He has provided new knowledge about altered arterial responsiveness in hypertension, heart failure and coronary disease. In the field of symathetic neuromuscular transmission in small arteries, he showed that noradrenaline and ATP released from nerve endings had different roles and definitively refuted the gamma-receptor hypothosis. He has provided new in vivo on the role of novel "N" type calcium channels in circulatory control. He was the first to show that histamine is the final mediator of vagally induced gastric acid secretion.

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Ian Thornton is an eminent entomologist and biogeographer. He is an international authority on the Psocoptera, a worldwide family of small winged or wingless insects that feed on vegetable fibre, including paper. He has used his deep knowledge of these ubiquitous insects to develop and test hypotheses about insect distribution on the oceanic islands of the Pacific and surrounding lands. For the past decade he has led the most intensive study yet undertaken on the recolonisation of the islands of Krakatau and Anak Krakatau, the results of which are challenging prevailing ideas of island biogeography.

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Professor Underwood is a world authority on the experimental ecology of coastal marine habitats. His work is widely cited as original and rigorous. Much of it has been adopted as the inspiration for novel initiatives by other ecologists, both within and outside marine ecology. He has published extensively on the design of ecological experiments, on sampling designs to detect environmental disturbances, and on the relationship between the philosophy and logic of quantitative ecology on the one hand and the detection and management of environmental problems on the other. He has supervised 50 postgraduate students, has published more than 100 papers, and has been a major initiator of increased rigour in Australian and international ecology.

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Pickett-Heaps is distinguished for his many discoveries in the field of cell biology. He was first to demonstrate the passage of wall material from the Golgi apparatus to the cell wall. He discovered the preprophase band of microtubules and pointed out its significance as a predictor of the site of division in higher plant cells. He originated the seminal concept of the microtubule organizing centre, thus founding a major field of research. His wide-ranging ultrastructural work led him to a novel and now accepted view of evolutionary relationships in the algae and the origin of higher plants. He has made many important contributions to knowledge of microtubule formation, dynamics and interactions with chromosomes in the mitotic spindle during cell division, from which new hypotheses on the mechanism of mitosis have been generated. His work has been conducted in the UK, USA and Australia.

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Professor Clarke's major contribution is to understanding the mechanism of cell-cell recognition in plants. She investigated the basis of cell-cell recognition in two systems, fertilization and fungal disease. As part of the strategy to understand these systems, she established structures of the complex surface carbohydrates of the cells in contact during recognition. A major contribution is the molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a protein from the female sexual tissues which is probably the product of the gene controlling self-fertilization. This forms the foundation for understanding the genetic basis of self- and non-self recognition in plants.

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Peter Colman has made outstanding contributions to our knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of antibodies and of virus antigens. His elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of the influenza virus enzyme and antigen, neuraminidase has had a major impact on our understanding of the epidemiology of influenza and has received world-wide recognition. His contribution has been recognized by the inaugural award by the Academy of the Frederick White Prize (1984), a CSIRO Medal for Research Achievement (1985) and the Royal Society of Victoria medal (1986). His study demonstrated that the active site of the enzyme is invariant in all known strains of influenza virus and has laid the basis for novel approaches to the design of new drugs against influenza.

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Dr. Suzanne Cory is distinguished for her novel discoveries on gene structure and arrangement in immunology. Major contributions include her studies on RNA structure; the arrangement and rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes; and oncogene activation in B and T lymphoid tumours. Most of Dr. Cory's work has been done in close collaboration with Dr. J. Adams.

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Dr. Jerry M. Adams, Head, Molecular Biology Unit, The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, is distinguished for his pioneering work on the molecular biology of lymphocyte cells. Amongst major contributions are his studies on initiation of polypeptide synthesis; messenger RNA structure; the structure, re­organisation and expression of immunoglobulin genes; and the mechanism and role of oncogene translocations in lymphoid neoplasia. Most of Dr. Adams' work has been done in close collaboration with Dr. S. Cory.

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In 1973, Peter Doherty, working with Rolf Zinkernagel, discovered that virus­immune, thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) recognize virus-infected cells via an antigenic pattern dependent on both the virus and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens of the host. This discovery dramatically changed immunological thinking by provoking development of new concepts about the operation of MHC-linked immune response genes, and by providing a "raison d'être" for the MHC as a guidance system for T cells. Since 1973, Peter Doherty has been a leading contributor to this field at both the theoretical and experimental levels.

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