George Williams has made outstanding contributions across a wide range of fields in the earth and planetary sciences through innovative research in sedimentology, palaeoclimatology, palaeomagnetism, meteoritics, and Earth–Moon dynamics, all grounded in critical and extensive observations principally in Australia and also in North America and Britain. His discoveries and pioneering studies of global relevance have illuminated Precambrian glacial environments, the geological and environmental effects of asteroid impact on the Earth, the history of the Earth’s rotation and lunar orbit, and early Palaeozoic Milankovitch orbital cycles. His findings have instigated many new lines of research in geology and geophysics.

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Professor Allan Chivas is a geologist and a geochemist who has made substantial contributions to the understanding of Earth-surface processes at the younger end of the geological time scale. The bulk of his research has been described as ‘chemical sedimentology’ with necessary additional strands drawn from biological and physical sciences, and some of his work has related to atmospheric and mantle processes. In several areas, his work has defined new geochemical and isotopic tools and methodologies, both conceptually and by advances in analytical methods, which are now widely applied worldwide.

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Dr Raupach has made pivotal contributions to the understanding of turbulent flow and transport in vegetation canopies. He identified the roughness sublayer just above the canopy, formulated the mixing-layer hypothesis that unifies canopy flow and transport properties, and created the Lagrangian turbulence model now generally used to describe canopy scalar transfer. He developed sound descriptions of soil erosion by wind, particularly the effect of roughness, which now underpin advanced models. He identified fundamental thermodynamic constraints on regional-scale energy balances in heterogeneous landscapes. He has advanced knowledge of carbon-climate­human interactions by identifying global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions.

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Hugh O’Neill is innovative and excellent in combining the thermodynamics of minerals with advances in experimental petrology. He has advanced fundamental research in the systematics of spinel minerals, in the importance of redox equilibria in planetary processes, and in the composition of the Earth, Moon and planetary interiors. His quantitative measurements of thermodynamic properties of minerals are incorporated into thermodynamic databases, underpinning multidisciplinary research and used in applied mineralogy, modelling of ore deposits, petrology and global tectonics. Most recently, he has fostered and led the applications of synchrotron-based techniques to silicate melts, including redox equilibria and the solubility of sulphur and important trace elements.

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Roger Powell is a world leader in the field of metamorphic geology, particularly in the application of thermodynamics to predicting mineral assemblages and phase relationships in natural rocks. He has pioneered the development of quantitative approaches to the study of metamorphism and rigorously understanding the physical conditions under which metamorphic reactions occur. The work of Professor Powell, his research group and his network of international collaborators has established Australia clearly at the forefront of work in this field. In 2004 he was honoured as an ISI Citation Laureate for being the most highly-cited Geoscientist in Australia.

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For the past 25 years, Malcolm Walter has been the world’s foremost authority on stromatolites and a leading expert on the geological record of Earth’s earliest biosphere. He has gathered the geological evidence for the first microbial ecosystems in sediments and in hydrothermal environments, with spinoffs to models of ore genesis and the exploration of Mars. He has articulated the concepts that have directed research in these fields throughout the world. In detailing the succession of stromatolites, Walter studied Australian Neoproterozoic stratigraphy, leading to improved international correlation as well as an appreciation of petroleum prospectivity in rocks of that age.

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The research achievements of Professor McCulloch have encompassed a broad range of Earth and Environmental science problems, ranging from understanding how river flood plumes have impacted coral reefs, sea level changes during the Last Interglacial period, through to processes responsible for the differentiation of the Earth’s continental crust. The common theme of his research has been the innovative use of isotopic and trace element geochemical techniques, over a wide range of timescales, to address important questions in the Earth Sciences. He has made important contributions in the understanding of both our contemporary environment as well as in the more established fields of Earth Science Geochemistry.

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Professor O'Reilly is an international leader in studies of the properties and evolution of the lithosphere.using mantle-derived magmas and xenoliths. She has made major discoveries in understanding the geochemical and physical nature of the lithosphere, the evolution of its boundaries, the origin and ascent of magmas and other fluids from the mantle, the thermal structure of the continents and the processes that shape the various domains of the lithosphere in space and time.

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Professor Griffiths has a high international reputation for his laboratory and theoretical research in fluid dynamics, with far-reaching applications in the diverse fields of ocean modelling, volcanology and convection in the Earth's interior. His work has illuminated the behaviour of ocean eddies, as they interact with each other and with boundaries, coastal and bottom currents, and convection and mixing in the ocean. His innovative models of solidifying lava flows and domes have established a new understanding of their behaviour, which has rapidly become influential among volcanologists. His modelling of the ascent of hot plumes in the Earth's mantle has led to a compelling dynamical theory that underpins the current widely accepted explanation of the origin of volcanic hot-spots.

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Dr Summons is one of the leading organic geochemists in the world. He applied innovative instrumental techniques to biological marker identification and explained the significance of the biomarker data in terms of their relevance to biological evolution, the behaviour of microbial ecosystems and the co-evolution of the biogeochemical cycles and the surface environment of the Earth. He was able to demonstrate that a reliable and interpretable record of Proterozoic molecular fossils could be deciphered. His work has revealed substantial new clues about the proterozoic oceanic environment and he has made numerous significant contributions to fundamental work on changes in the distribution of chemical fossils with time.

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