The fundamental problem is the physiology of vision is to understand how perceptual experiences are represented by neural activity. The many contributions that Professor William (Bill) Levick has made in this general field have all been distinguished by their originality, technical ingenuity, experimental precision and meticulous attention to detail. In particular he has provided a formal quantitative theory for sensory neural thresholds, has given a definitive account of the ultimate sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells, has demonstrated that particular classes of neurons encode sophisticated aspects of the visual scene and, in a unique series of experiments, has mapped the individual neurons at one level which connect directly to particular individual neurons at the next level in the brain.

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Professor William Laurance is a world-leading conservation ecologist of tropical forests and their biodiversity. His research spans the tropical world, from Australia to the Amazon, Africa and Asia-Pacific region. He has made a remarkable array of important scientific findings concerning the impacts of habitat fragmentation, logging, fires, climate change and exotic pathogens on tropical ecosystems, while working actively to educate the general public and promote wise conservation policies. William is one of the most active and influential environmental biologists working in the tropics today.

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Professor Larkins has made significant contributions to theoretical chemical physics with particular emphasis on the theoretical interpretation of experimental results. He has elegantly used electron impact and synchrotron radiation as the excitation sources for subsequent spectroscopic studies. His group has developed a unique approach to the use of semiemperical wavefunctions which has been extremely effective for interpreting normal molecular auger spectra and for highlighting when other models are inadequate. His significant contribution was recognised by the award of the Applied Research Medal (RACI) and the Baragwarath Award (1992).

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Professor Lance is noted for his contributions to neurology particularly in respect to disorders of the motor system and headache mechanisms. His specific attainments include the elucidation of the nature of myoclonus and akinetic attacks in epilepsy, the nature of the cogwheel phenomenon in Parkinson's Disease, the mechanism of reflex irradiation in spasticity and the description and investigation of the tonic vibration reflex that has led to a completely new method for investigating normal and disordered motor control. His contributions to our understanding of headache mechanisms include studies of vasoactive amines, hormones and prostaglandins in migraine. His monographs on the mechanism and management of headache, incorporating his own original contributions, have had a wide influence, being translated into French, Italian, Portuguese and Japanese.

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Senior Lecturer in Medical Statistics in the University of Sydney. Distinguished for his studies of Australian mortality, and for his related statistical studies. The current views on the epidemiology of deaf-mutism are largely based on his enquiries in Australia and elsewhere. He has produced important evidence that melanoma is caused by sunlight. He has studied the statistics of laboratory methods, haematological counting, and amoebic surveys in particular. This work has led him to an extensive enquiry into the theory and application of Pearson's X2 test, obtaining new tests of goodness of fit and revealing many interrelations between other tests. He started his career as a pathologist and has subsequently applied mathematical methods in his work to increasing extent.

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Professor Lambers shows outstanding international leadership in plant physiological ecology, revealing mechanisms by which plants function and grow in markedly different environments. He developed novel understanding of causes and consequences of variation in growth rate amongst plant species, and its impacts on nutrient transport and respiratory metabolism. His recent focus on soil-plant interactions in relation to function and distribution of root adaptations that enhance mineral nutrition of Australian plants embodies this approach in relation to the predominantly phosphorus-limited ecosystems of Australia. Professor Lambers eminently and incisively promotes education and performance of young researchers in Australia and overseas.

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Professor Kotagiri is well known internationally for his outstanding contributions in the area of database systems. In particular, his work on optimal multi-dimensional indexing techniques and query optimisation techniques for deductive database systems are significant and important contributions. Under his leadership a deductive database system, ADITI, has been developed. He was a Director of the Key Centre for Knowledge Based Systems, Research Director for the Cooperative Research Centre for Intelligent Decision Systems, and is currently Deputy Director of the Special Research Centre for Ultra Broadband Information Networks. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Engineers Australia and the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering.

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Professor Knox is distinguished for his studies on the reproductive systems of flowering plants. He has analysed the structure, composition, development and interactions of pollen grains, stigmas and embryo sacs, imaginatively using light and electron microscopy techniques of protein and glycoprotein biochemistry. He has also pioneered the application of immunological methods to plant material and elucidated concepts of cell-to-cell recognition that are of fundamental significance for work on plant breeding and development. His research on aerobiology and pollination has specified biological roles for the allergenic proteins and the elegantly sculptured walls of pollen. It has practical implications both in the production of new hybrids by overcoming incompatibility barriers, and in knowledge of allergic disease and the natural history of pollination systems. His innovative approaches have greatly extended the horizons of the plant sciences.

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Tony Klein is known internationally for his work on neutron optics, especially his work on neutron interferometry. He was instrumental in developing the technique of neutron interferometry as a tool to verify the sign change in rotation of a spinor through 360°, and has applied it to many other experiments, most recently and perhaps best known to the observation of the Aharonov-Casher effect.

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