Written by Maxwell F.C. Day, Maxwell J. Whitten and Don Sands.

• Introduction
• Family background and early influences
• Education
• The four phases in the scientific career of Doug Waterhouse
• The young naturalist (1916-1938)
• The practising scientist (1938-1961)
• An innovative scientific leader and integrator (1961-1981)
• The humanitarian (1982-2000)
• Other activities
• The scientist and the person
• Honours and awards
• About this memoir
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Bibliography

Introduction

Doug Waterhouse was a renowned entomologist, a fine scientist and an accomplished administrator. He worked within the CSIRO Division of Entomology for over 60 years, and was its Chief for 21 years until his retirement in 1981. Doug was responsible for many developments in insect and weed control both in Australia and around the globe, especially in developing countries across Asia and the Pacific. He not only guided the Division to international prominence, but was also an ardent humanitarian whose work had beneficial effects in many neighbouring countries. Much of his 'public good' work was done as an Honorary Fellow (1981-2000). As well as his extensive entomological interests, Doug was active in other areas such as education and community services. He was the foundation Chairman of the Canberra College of Advanced Education and continued as Chancellor when it became the University of Canberra.

Family background and early influences

Douglas Frew Waterhouse was born in Sydney on 3 June 1916, the second of four sons of (Eben) Gowrie Waterhouse OBE, CMG (born Waverley, a suburb of Sydney, 1881) and Janet Frew Waterhouse (née Kellie, born Ayr, Scotland, 1885). Doug recalled his mother with great affection. She had come from Kilmarnock, Scotland, earned an MA degree from the University of Glasgow, and had been a teacher of languages. She motivated her sons to be conscientious and hard working and to 'derive some satisfaction from having at least striven hard to achieve some goal'. Doug recalled her as being full of exhortations and wise sayings, such as 'Only the best is good enough'. After the family had grown, she developed great expertise in the art of Japanese flower arrangement, and became President of the Sydney Branch of the Ikebana Society. Doug's father, Gowrie Waterhouse, also the second of three sons, became Professor of German and Modern Languages and Literature at the University of Sydney. Professor Waterhouse had received the Goethe Medal and was also knighted by King Umberto of Italy for his contribution to teaching in European languages. He retired at age 64 to devote time to his special hobby – camellias, on which he published two outstanding books. Doug described his early recollections of his father as a 'figure in the background to be respected, but not to be distracted from his many academic and other activities'; however, that later, he became 'progressively more interested in our activities and we in his'.

Gowrie Waterhouse in 1913 commissioned W. Hardy Wilson, a highly regarded Sydney architect, to design an elegant home, 'Eryldene', in Gordon, a northern suburb of Sydney. Eryldene, with its renowned and much-visited garden, is maintained by the Eryldene Trust. The home and parents provided Doug with a culturally-rich environment; except perhaps in music, to which he was never much attracted, probably because he was tone deaf.

A number of family members were interested in natural history and some were collectors of sea shells, ethnographic artefacts and other items. Other members of Doug's large extended family included scientists in a variety of subjects, including botany, geology, and agriculture. Doug believed that he had been 'imprinted' to become an entomologist and recounted an occasion told to him by his mother when he was soothed as a young baby by grasping a weevil.

Doug's uncle, Dr G.A. (Athol) Waterhouse (1877-1950) had an early and lasting influence on his development and career. Athol maintained a lifelong interest in butterflies; he was awarded a DSc by the University of Sydney for his work on the origins of races of the genus Tisiphone (Nymphalidae). He had earlier obtained degrees in Science and in Engineering from the University of Sydney and had been on the staff of the Sydney Mint until it closed in 1926. In addition to numerous contributions to scientific journals, Athol published two significant books, the first (with G. Lyell) in 1914, The Butterflies of Australia, and the second in 1932, What Butterfly is That?. He arranged for Doug to become a Junior Member of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. In 1928 he was appointed Curator and Administrative Officer of the newly formed CSIR Division of Economic Entomology in Canberra to provide some measure of control over its first, rather erratic, Chief, R.J.Tillyard.

Before Doug's tenth birthday, Uncle Athol had given him collecting and preserving equipment, and later took him on numerous Saturday collecting trips in the vicinity of Sydney, from Bulli in the south to the Hawkesbury River in the north and the Blue Mountains in the west. One of us (MFD) was fortunate also to be invited on these expeditions. As a result of Athol's tutelage, in his early teens Doug already had a substantial knowledge of Australian butterflies and some understanding of other insect groups and biology generally.

Education

Doug was educated at Sydney Church of England Grammar School, North Sydney ('Shore'), from 1928-1933. He was considered 'a good but not outstanding student'. However, he did well enough to secure an Exhibition to the University of Sydney. At school he was a founding member of the Natural History Society. Doug excelled at the university, winning several prizes and graduating in 1937 with First Class Honours and the University Medal. One of his prizes was the second-year prize in practical chemistry. He recalled this achievement with relish because second place was awarded to John Cornforth, later Sir John, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry. Doug's principal mentor in biology was Dr Anthony Woodhill, later to become Reader in Entomology, of whom he wrote (with D.J.Lee) a very appreciative and sympathetic obituary (69). Woodhill required honours students to select their own research projects but, having done so, helped his aspiring graduates whenever possible. Doug studied the anatomy and respiratory physiology of the larva of a large aquatic insect, Archicauliodes.

Research degrees were not available in Australia at that time so Doug earned his MSc and DSc degrees 'on the job', having joined CSIRO on completing his Bachelor's degree. In 1949 Doug spent a year at Cambridge University where he worked under Professor V.B. Wigglesworth examining the origin, structure and function of the peritrophic membrane. In 1956-57 he visited the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station and Yale University and other laboratories in Canada and the USA, where he formed many fruitful and lasting friendships.

The four phases in the scientific career of Doug Waterhouse

During his very full 85 years, Doug witnessed many profound changes in science and society. Not surprisingly, his attitude to science, and the way it might best serve society, evolved in response to these changing circumstances. Despite momentous developments, Doug never faltered in his commitment to science as a human endeavour capable of generating public good of immense cultural and economic value. Nor did his affinity for butterflies ever diminish. What did undergo a radical shift, however, was Doug's view of people's relationship with the environment, and the need to work in harmony with nature, rather than dominating or controlling it. The maturation of Doug's thinking is well illustrated if we divide his career into four periods: the 22formative years as a student; his next 20 or so years as a practising scientist; his third period of 25years as a research leader; and, finally, his 20 'retirement' years as an Honorary Fellow.

The young naturalist (1916-1938)

Until early manhood, Doug was content to explore and appreciate nature. With his Uncle Athol, Doug explored the rich and diverse world of insects in and around Sydney. He had no interest in controlling nature; it was simply something to understand and enjoy.

The practising scientist (1938-1961)

Doug's research in CSIRO Entomology focused primarily on Lucilia cuprina, the Australian Sheep Blowfly. He studied its physiology (in particular, digestion and excretion), ecology and population control. His research was a blend of the strategic and tactical. He addressed practical projects like fly dressings and burying carrion to reduce breeding sites. Doug was greatly impressed by the new generation of powerful insecticides like DDT and Dieldrin. Such synthetic compounds represented potentially universal and lasting solutions to many insect pest problems. Like many other scientists at the time, Doug was enthused with the potential of pesticides to 'control' nature. Over time, Doug came to reject scientific modernism so well epitomized by high-input agriculture. This alternative thinking began to emerge early in the third phase of Doug's career, and matured during his final 20years as an Honorary Fellow. However, as a practising scientist, Doug remained enthusiastic about modernist philosophy and its domination of agricultural science.

Physiological research on Lucilia cuprina before the Second World War

Almost immediately after graduating, Doug was offered a short vacation studentship position in a CSIR laboratory in Victoria to study parasites of a new pest, the Oriental Fruit Moth. Soon afterwards, he was offered the position of Junior Research Officer in CSIR's Division of Economic Entomology, Canberra. He was assigned to the section dealing with the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, a cosmopolitan pest of vital importance to Australia's dominant sheep industry. Dr Ian Mackerras, the section's leader, told Doug 'to think about the blowfly problems and to study any that he felt challenging', an approach characteristic of the policy espoused by CSIR's far-sighted Chief Executive, Sir David Rivett. However, for a publicly-funded institution like CSIR, the emphasis was on finding solutions to economically important problems.

Doug started work in 1938 on physiological aspects of the sheep blowfly. He continued to do so, with interruptions during the Second World War, until the 1950s. He was awarded an MSc by the University of Sydney for a thesis based on this work. At the time it was conventional wisdom that insect physiology, which was then beginning to flourish, could provide the basis of new control measures. Later, physiology was to give way to ecology, then to insect biochemistry, and later again to molecular biology. But when V.B. Wigglesworth FRS (later Sir Vincent) was making great progress at Cambridge, physiology was seen to be the way ahead. Doug undertook early studies on blowfly behaviour, but soon became interested in insect digestion. He was interested in the conditions under which various poisons are absorbed by the gut or excreted. Although this work began on the premise that it should prove useful in the design of ingested insecticides ('stomach poisons' in the jargon of the time), it never did so. However, it did lead to fascinating discoveries of the role of the 'goblet cells' in the midgut and of 'longitudinal differentiation' in cell structure. Although these and other results were summarized in a well-researched review (41), few workers continued these lines of investigation. Insect physiology produced some notable successes in, for example, the study of insect hormones and the development of synthetic insecticides; but, as pointed out by Waterhouse and Norris (105), it did not live up to its early promise and Doug turned to examine other methods of fly control.

Ecological studies on Lucilia cuprina

Whilst the work on blowfly control was Doug's primary objective, it was clearly important to learn more about the ecology of the species. Doug took a role in an extensive experiment (9) to determine the population density of the fly and its rate of spread in an area of about 50sq.miles (>15,000 ha.) of grazing country near Canberra. The experiment, using marked flies, gave valuable indications of the numbers of flies per unit area and of the flight range in a variety of weather conditions. It required a large number of helpers, one of whom was Dawn Calthorpe, later to become Doug's wife. Other ecological work involved studying the breeding behaviour of the fly, in an attempt to find new methods of reducing fly populations (10-13). New information was obtained on the use of repellents for the prevention of fly strike and in the development of dressings for fly-struck sheep (5). A detailed taxonomic study (with S.J. Paramonov) (21) demonstrated the differences, both morphological and behavioural, between Lucilia cuprina and L. sericata (the English Sheep Blowfly). This was all interrupted by the start of the war in 1939.

Research during the Second World War

Soon after the outbreak of the Second World War, Doug was commissioned with the rank of Captain in the Army Medical Corps. He was located in Canberra (in the Officer Reserves), to be transferred to active service as required. This arrangement provided flexibility for his wartime research. Initially, this involved testing high-spreading oils for mosquito control, but soon evolved into the testing of sprays for control of mosquitoes responsible for malarial transmission. Since most of the world supply of pyrethrum came from Kenya, identifying new mosquito repellents became a high priority. Their testing involved exposing volunteers, Doug included, to large numbers of potential vectors in a screened room. Public awareness led to suggestions of possibly useful materials including the essential oils of Australian trees. Oil from Huon Pine proved to be an extremely efficient mosquito repellent, but about half the volunteers found it to be highly nauseating, negating its possible use. Another proposal came from a Sydney-based oil company for a product containing about 35per cent of either dimethyl phthalate (DMP) or of diethyl phthalate. The former proved to be most effective. In light of the fact that it was manufactured in Sydney, mainly as a plasticizer of the fabrics of aircraft wings, Doug immediately informed Captain Bob McCulloch of its value. He, in turn, advised Major Ian Mackerras, Doug's erstwhile boss in Canberra, but by then involved in malaria control. Mackerras soon arranged for DMP to be tested under field conditions in Papua New Guinea. Doug, with two junior colleagues, was despatched to Papua New Guinea to a village said to be one of the worst malarial places on earth. The DMP proved to be most effective. By 1943 the repellent was widely deployed in the Pacific where it became known as 'Mary' by the troops. Doug continued work on repellents until the end of the war.

Physiological studies on Lucilia cuprina after the Second World War

At the end of the war Doug returned to research, initiating a sequence of papers on the physiology of digestion and excretion, first on the blowfly (6, 7, 12, 20, 24), and later on insects capable of digestion of keratin (26-28), and wax (44). The work on wool led to an understanding of the detoxifying mechanisms and later to a study of the peritrophic membrane (32, 33, 38). All these were based on well-designed and careful observations, assembled in the belief that they would contribute to a better understanding of the mode of action of insecticides. In 1953 this work was summarized in a multi-author textbook on insect physiology (34-37).

The blowfly research earned Waterhouse a DSc from the University of Sydney and election as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and of the Royal Society of London.

An innovative scientific leader and integrator (1961-1981)

Doug was a scientific leader of both genius and generosity. One of his lasting claims to fame is the way he made it possible for many other scientists to flourish. In a recent tribute, Dr Ren Wang from China, currently Deputy Director-General for Research in the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, stated 'Doug was my model scientist and his inspiration has given me so much guidance and courage in my career. His advice has helped so much to the development of biological control in China'. Many entomologists, at home and abroad, who had the good fortune to work with Doug have echoed those sentiments.

Some Eastern philosophers talk about three types of effective leader: the one who is feared, the one who is loved, and the greatest leader of all, whose followers say 'We did it all ourselves'. Doug had elements of all three in him – he was awesome to a few, loved by many, but his greatest attribute was his ability to provide the enabling environment for others. He had an uncanny capacity to recognize good ideas, whether his own or others, and obtain the resources, both people and funds, and leave them to it. In outlining below some of the key research programmes initiated during Doug's term as Assistant Chief under A.J. Nicholson and then as Chief, we are not demeaning the key contributions made by the relevant researchers. We simply acknowledge the facilitating and inspirational role played by Doug.

Assistant Chief

In 1953, Nicholson ('Nick' to all his staff) asked Doug to take on the role of Assistant Chief. Others had found this to be a difficult assignment, but Doug coped well with it. Initially, the added responsibility had little impact on his research output, but eventually he found that he could only undertake activities that could be put aside when pressing administrative tasks demanded his attention. Doug put this requirement and his training in chemistry into effect in the study of insect scents and the structure of the glands producing these materials (47, 54, 55, 65, 66, 68, 72, 75, 80).

Doug developed a strong research group in the basic disciplines of insect physiology, biochemistry and fine structure during the 1950s. The rationale centred on understanding the mode of action of chemical pesticides but ranged widely into fundamental studies in insect physiology and biochemistry. A notable achievement in the Division during this period was the successful culturing of insect tissues. This was entirely the work of Tom Grace. It took ten years of sometimes frustrating trials before an effective culture medium was developed and Doug supported Grace during those years. 'Grace's Medium' is still available commercially today, 35 years on, and the development represents an important tool for insect molecular biotechnology. With demands for useful outcomes within a three-year timeframe, such a development would be less likely to occur today.

Chief of the Division of Entomology, CSIRO

When Nick retired, the CSIRO Executive, following a worldwide search, had no hesitation in appointing Doug as Chief in 1961. Nick had steadfastly maintained that he did not wish to increase the size of the Division, but that was not Doug's way. He could foresee many opportunities for working on new ways to control pest species.

By this stage Doug had begun to question the wisdom of depending solely on chemical pesticides. In 1964 he presented a seminal paper to the CSIRO Executive calling for recognition of a diversity of approaches to pest management – cultural, physical, host resistance, genetic control, behavioural control and biological control. He advocated an integration of these approaches into the practice of integrated pest management (IPM). The ambitious proposal ended with the following statement:

No-one should underestimate the threat posed by insects. They inhabited the earth 300million years or more before man and will probably inhabit it after the last vertebrate has perished. We do well to prepare for a prolonged contest.

Projects were suggested in a number of areas, such as biological control, chemical methods (lures, pheromones, anti-feedants, etc), physical methods, genetic methods (sterile males, chemosterilants), IPM, and modification of a pest's resource needs. It was an expensive programme. Doug planned it with characteristic thoroughness. He arranged for his programme to be the topic for the 1965 Annual General Meeting of the Australian Academy of Science. He published a report of that meeting in the Australian Journal of Science (61) and he wrote a supporting article in the magazine Rural Research. He also commissioned an eye-catching painting (Fig.1) by the well-known artist Robert Ingpen. The image boldly captures the imagination that went into the concept of the 'new perspectives'. Ingpen's illustration shows a background reminiscent of the 'Silent Spring' of Rachel Carson (1962), but emerging from this are examples of the ten projects proposed by Doug to support a three-fold increase in the size of the Division over the ensuing five years.

Doug addressed the 12th International Congress of Entomology in London on his plans and on the divisional achievements. Most importantly, he enlisted the full support of the CSIRO Executive. In particular, he gained the ear of Sir Otto Frankel, who was then the executive member responsible for the Division. The plan was approved by CSIRO. It set the Division on course to become internationally recognized as a major centre for entomological research. Doug negotiated not only for three new projects a year, but also for the facilities, including new field stations in Australia and overseas, to support the newly appointed staff. CSIRO's decision to back Doug was fully vindicated with the favourable findings of the 1978 Marsden Report – an external and independent economic analysis of some of the Division's research. The analysis demonstrated a return on investment that could truly be called outstanding.

We describe briefly some of the major programmes (and some of the actors) that were promoted by Doug during his term as Chief, along with some of his 'extracurricular' activities that relate to insect control.

(i) Stored Grain Research Laboratory (SGRL)

One of the finest examples of Doug's broad strategic thinking is the establishment of the SGRL in 1969 after five years of deliberation with the Australian Wheat Board and the Federal Government. Australian grain was harvested at high summer temperatures and then marketed into the northern hemisphere summer. This pattern provided continuing ideal temperatures for rapid multiplication of grain pests. Australia and its principal traditional market, the UK, had come to accept the inevitability of 'weevilly' grain. However, new and emerging markets, in China, the USSR and the Middle East, were not prepared to accept insect-infested grain. At the same time, the USA introduced new bulk-storage technology (e.g. aeration) and posed a threat to Australia's position as a leading exporter. When malathion became available in the early 1960s, exported grain could be effectively protected and the threat was postponed. However, the risks of resistance (already emerging) and market concerns about residues meant that alternatives to grain protectants were urgently required. Discussions between the Australian Wheat Board, the Federal Government and CSIRO led to the establishment in 1970 of the SGRL with S.W. (Bill) Bailey as its first leader. Doug played a leading role in establishing the SGRL, its research programme and in selecting its staff. The Australian Wheat Board accepted, with some hesitation, Doug's suggestion that the SGRL's research staff be recruited from outside the field of stored product entomology in order to encourage highly innovative approaches.

Since its inception, the SGRL has been an outstanding success, and has devised a number of effective ways of marketing insect-free grain that has never been treated with insecticides. On several occasions its research (particularly that of Jim Des Marchelier) secured Australia's pre-eminence as a leading grain-exporting nation. Successful innovations from SGRL include: emergency bunker storage in good seasons; insect-free grain that has been fumigated without leaving residues (e.g. phosphine using the SIROFLO technology); inert dusts; sealed storage (to suffocate insects); storage under carbon dioxide (as a waste product from industry, e.g. aluminium smelting) and other inert gases; grain aeration (to lower temperature to a level at which insect reproduction ceases and then to a level at which development ceases); and fluidized bed heating (which can be used to provide rapid heat disinfestation of grain during loading on a ship). Outcomes of the research led to the extension of the useful life of many ageing and leaky bulk silos and positioned the industry for deregulation with the inevitable expansion of on-farm grain storage.

(ii) Pesticide residues in meat – a case for pre-emptive action

In the early 1960s, when environmental concerns arose about the widespread use of persistent pesticides (notably the chlorinated hydrocarbons), the issue of pesticide residues that might be present in foodstuffs was raised. Beef and lamb were of particular concern because chlorinated hydrocarbons were being used extensively to deal with insects and ticks attacking sheep and cattle in Australia. Doug's contacts overseas gave him early warning of a likely move by the USA to reject meat with residues above trace levels. A group in Australia (of which Roy Watts, New South Wales Director General of Agriculture, was a particularly influential member) worked to modify, progressively, recommendations for pesticide use. The Standing Committee on Agriculture then established the Coordinating Committee on Agricultural Chemicals. J.T. Snelson proved to be a very influential committee member, and Doug one of its central players. The committee met regularly over the next two decades while Doug was Chief and prevented the banning of meat and other export products by vigorous and far-sighted action.

In 1971 Doug was appointed Chairman of an Australian Academy of Science committee evaluating the dangers of DDT. Doug was sorely torn between the undisputed safety of DDT for humans and its detrimental effects on non-target organisms, especially birds. A minority report was submitted by Professor Charles Birch, who advocated total banning of DDT. Doug felt this was unnecessary and the committee concluded in its 1972 report that some uses of DDT should be phased out but other uses should be maintained where the advantages clearly outweighed the disadvantages. Public opinion, unnecessarily in Doug's view, hastened the complete phasing out of DDT in Australia.

(iii) The cattle tick program

An increase in acaricide resistance and chemical residues in meat called for new initiatives in tick control over pastoral regions of northern Australia. Paul Wilkinson was appointed in the late 1950s to lead a Townsville-based team to evaluate options that reduced dependency on acaricides. These approaches, supported strongly by Doug, included pasture spelling, strategic dipping and host resistance by crossing the susceptible European blood-lines with Asian breeds of cattle. Acaricide resistant strains of cattle tick were maintained and characterized by Bill Roulston and Jim Nolan. This gene bank proved of immense value to industry in its search for new and effective acaricides. This ecological approach to tick control significantly reduced dependency on acaricides.

(iv) The D.F. Waterhouse laboratory – the Australian national insect collection, insects of Australia, and regulation 13A

Although not a taxonomist himself, Doug regarded taxonomy as basic to most entomological studies. Tillyard, the Division's founding Chief (1928-34), expected researchers to each have their own group of insects; and he produced the definitive taxonomic textbook on Australian and New Zealand insects. His successor, Nicholson (1934-61), an ecologist, restricted taxonomic activities to certain individuals. During much of Doug's tenure as Chief, taxonomic work expanded, but not three-fold like the rest of the Division. However, the collection had developed as an important national asset. To ensure that this resource was not dissipated 'at the whim of some future Chief', Doug successfully lobbied the Science Minister at the time, Sir John Gorton, to proclaim in the Commonwealth Gazette that 'the Australian National Insect Collection was of national importance and should be preserved by the Commonwealth into the future'. Even so, some members of the CSIRO Executive still felt that taxonomy was akin to 'stamp collecting' or 'hobbies pursued at the taxpayers' expense'. Doug countered effectively by noting that the revered field of astronomy was itself at that time largely 'astrotaxonomy'. Doug eventually secured funds to construct a purpose-built laboratory with two collection halls. This magnificent facility was formally opened in 1982, around Doug's retirement, and named 'The D.F. Waterhouse Laboratory of Insect Taxonomy'. A further collection hall and offices were added by Doug's successor as Chief, Max Whitten (1981-95). This was financed from the sale of a divisional asset at Warrawee in Sydney which Doug had secured in the 1960s for studies on the Queensland fruit fly and biocontrol of other orchard pests. Insect taxonomy finally emerged as a mature discipline. Excellent facilities and a diverse, unique and scientifically-interesting insect fauna allowed the Division to recruit a fine team of taxonomists. Doug's foresight had positioned the Division and the nation to play a leading role in conservation biology and the understanding of biodiversity.

By the 1960s, Tillyard's textbook on insect taxonomy was decidedly out of date. Doug persuaded Ian Mackerras, who had left the Division shortly after the Second World War to lead the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, to return as a Research Fellow and edit a major new text, Insects of Australia. The task, involving 29 authors, mainly from the Division, was published by Melbourne University Press and sold over 20,000 copies. A completely revised second edition, in two volumes, edited by Ian Naumann, was published by Melbourne University Press in 1991 with similar success. Doug contributed a new chapter, 'Insects and Humans' (128).

Questions relating to the location of holotypes of Australian insects had arisen over many years. Ever since European settlement, collections of biological specimens were deposited with overseas institutions or in private collections outside Australia. Consequently, holotypes were mainly located offshore. This pattern of deposition was still occurring as late as the middle of the twentieth century. Opinions were not divided on the undesirability of this situation, but they certainly were divided on what to do about it. Many entomologists, including a majority within the Division itself, favoured 'gentleman's agreements' to encourage deposition back into Australian institutions of types described from exported collections.

Doug initially favoured a cooperative approach over legislative action. A controversy without precedent in Australia's entomological community raged throughout the 1960s on how best to remedy the problem. Doug's colleague, Ken Key, was the principal advocate of legislative action to ensure return of types described from any future material exported from the country. Regulation 13A to the Act Controlling Exports was gazetted and became law in July 1973, somewhat to the surprise and chagrin of many entomologists. The lack of suitable guidelines for implementation exacerbated a tense situation. The resultant confusion reflected poorly on Doug and the Division. Eventually, suitable guidelines were put in place and the regulation amended to make it more workable. The formal opening of the D.F. Waterhouse Laboratory, in conjunction with the 1982 Annual General Meeting of the Entomological Society of Australia in Canberra, buried the hatchet of division within the entomological community. With the Wildlife Protection Act of April 1984, Regulation 13A was rescinded, but its principal elements were fully preserved through the new legislation and the CITES treaty. Upton's 1997 history of the Australian National Insect Collection devoted a full chapter to the Regulation 13A controversy.

(v) The dung beetle program, dung burial and fly control

George Bornemissza, a Hungarian emigré, suggested in the early 1960s that Australia would benefit from the enrichment of the local dung-dispersing insect fauna with the introduction of dung beetle species from Africa and Europe. Bornemissza based his innovative proposal on his post-graduate studies of the rich dung beetle fauna of his native country and on his field observations of this continent's impoverished dung fauna immediately following his arrival in Australia in 1951. Doug recognized the value of this proposal and gave George financial and logistical support to make it happen. Doug accepted the considerable risk that might flow from accidental introduction of animal diseases or any untoward environmental eventualities. During the 1970s and until the mid-80s, some 50 species were introduced, mainly from southern Africa although a few came from Europe. At least 30 species have been established, and the beneficial impact can be witnessed in virtually all rural areas of the mainland and Tasmania where cattle are present. However, it is only since 2000 that, with support from the National Heritage Trust, the actual distribution and impact of the introductions have been evaluated systematically. All indications suggest that this has been one of the most valuable and cost-effective programmes ever conducted in Australian agriculture. The project had its critics along the way, both within and outside CSIRO, but Bornemissza's original and inspired recommendation has proven beneficial, thus vindicating Doug's support.

(vi) Genetic control of sheep blowfly

Another innovative programme initiated by Doug was the development of genetic means of controlling the Australian Sheep Blowfly. Doug had already anticipated this possibility in his 'new perspectives' article, but he recognized that the 'all or nothing' sterile male approach, so successful for the screw-worm fly in the USA, was unlikely to be practical in Australia. He accepted the advice of fellow Chief, Jim Rendel, and Jim Peacock (later Chief of Plant Industry (1978-) that other genetic means should be considered. Max Whitten was appointed as the first geneticist to the Division, in 1996, to explore genetic options. With Geoff Foster, he developed and evaluated a range of genetically-modified strains which had potential for suppressing natural populations of blowfly. The declining value of the wool clip and continued effectiveness of chemical pesticides were two factors that ultimately prevented practical implementation of this approach to blowfly control. The project was another example of the risk that Doug was prepared to take to explore all options to reduce dependency and use of chemical pesticides. Ultimately, the notion of pesticide resistance management for key pests like the army-worm, Helicoverpa armigera, was one of the benefits emerging from this research.

(vii) Biological control of weeds, orchard pests and sirex

A prominent element of Doug's 'new perspectives' was classical biological control. To implement his strategy he established laboratories in France, Portugal, South Africa, Brazil, Papua New Guinea, and the UK. Although it was expensive and without precedent in CSIRO, Doug argued that it would enable the Division's staff to identify and introduce biocontrol agents against arthropod pests and weeds that had originated in Europe, Africa or the Americas. Offshore facilities were complemented with field laboratories in each State so that staff could gain first-hand knowledge of the target pests and be well-positioned to introduce the imported agents. Many major successes emerged from this strategy. Two early appointments were Ken Harley and Tony Wapshere. Tony headed the Montpellier laboratory for 19 years and championed many successful introductions, including the first use of a fungal pathogen for weed control (skeleton weed). Ken Harley oversaw successful programmes like control of the water-weeds Salvinia molesta and water hyacinth. A task of the UK group at Silwood Park, under Frank Wilson, was control of Sirex, the Pinus radiata wood wasp. Initially the group concentrated on arthropod natural enemies, but eventually Robin Bedding demonstrated that the nematode, Deladenus, would be effective against Sirex. Not only did this prove spectacularly successful, but Bedding went on to demonstrate the potential of a whole group of insect-killing nematodes for insect pest management. Australia had become a leader in the theory and practice of biocontrol under Doug's leadership. Doug initiated two especially innovative programmes for orchard pests. The first, under Les Readshaw, was the introduction of acaricide-resistant predatory mites from the USA for controlling spider mites in pome orchards. The second was the development, by George Rothschild, of the first commercially-viable sex-disrupting pheromone for suppressing populations of the peach borer – the insect that Doug first worked on after joining the Division. There was also considerable success in the biological control of aphids involving a large group of researchers.

(viii) Cost-benefit analysis of research by CSIRO Entomology

Doug fully recognized that results from biological projects do not come quickly, but he had complete faith that any additional funding would be fully justified. He was so certain of the economic benefits that in 1980 he encouraged a study by the Industries Assistance Commission to undertake the first detailed cost-benefit analysis of any CSIRO Division. The initiative was vigorously opposed by some fellow Chiefs who regarded it as an unnecessary, even dangerous, precedent. The results, published by J.S. Marsden et al. in a 107-page report in 1980, demonstrated an overall annual internal rate of return (IRR) of 19per cent. The report was a landmark in the appraisal of government-funded research. Of course, not all divisional projects were subjected to close scrutiny, and there was great variation between the cost effectiveness of different projects. Many of the most effective divisional projects, like the dung beetle programme and the aquatic weeds programmes, had not, by then, yielded any positive benefits.

Many years later an ACIAR-funded programme on the control of the banana skipper (butterfly), initiated by Doug and Don Sands, was the subject of another cost-benefit analysis. Doug was dissatisfied with the result, claiming that many essential features had been omitted from the analysis. He argued for a revised analysis that showed benefits far in excess of those calculated previously, and indeed that the benefits for this programme alone outweighed the costs of all ACIAR cropping projects (150).

The humanitarian (1982-2000)

One could well argue that Doug's greatest achievements came during his retirement. During his period as Chief he could see the value of taking a broader approach to insect pest management than one simply relying on chemical control. Successful outcomes of many programmes, based on an integration of diverse approaches, strengthened this shifting viewpoint. Thus, by 1980, Doug was quite disillusioned with modernist thinking. For example, he suspected that the emergence of new pests in tropical rice paddies – a cropping system that is synonymous with food security – was caused by the inappropriate use of chemical pesticides, often promoted by unscrupulous pesticide companies. Green Revolution farmers had lost the capacity to manage their own crops as they had done for thousands of years. They had been reduced to mere 'inputs' in the minds of governments and industry, just like the chemicals. Doug became determined to promote ways of working 'with' nature, rather than aiming to 'control' nature. However, he never lost sight of the need for practical, cost-effective and lasting remedies to pest, disease and weed problems.

We deal with this aspect of Doug's work, largely pursued in retirement, under three headings:

1. his involvement with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN and its two Panels of Experts on IPM and Pesticide Resistance;
2. his links with the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and biocontrol of pests and weeds in Asia and the Pacific; and
3. his role in the Council for International Congresses of Entomology.

(i) The FAO expert panels on integrated pest management and pesticide resistance and rice production in South and South-East Asia

Doug persuaded the FAO Conference, at its 12th Session in 1963, to convene a Symposium on Integrated Pest Control. It was held in Rome in 1965 and was the first such international symposium. A key outcome was the establishment of Expert Panels on IPM and Pesticide Resistance. Doug was Chairman of the latter Panel, and also became a very active member of the former, which was chaired by the American entomologist Ray Smith. According to Perry Adkisson, a doyenne of American entomology, Doug and Ray became the best-known and most influential leaders in implementing IPM on a global basis. The FAO IPM Panel was also regarded widely as the single most important instrument in promoting IPM globally. Doug used the Pesticide Resistance Panel to engage Bruce Champ to conduct a global survey of pesticide resistance in stored grain pests. The outcome of this survey was helpful in developing later research programmes for the Division's SGRL. In its early years the FAO IPM Panel was focused on cotton IPM. However, Doug was more concerned about pest outbreaks in paddy rice fields in Asia. He realized that new pests, like the brown plant hopper, were pesticide-induced. Thus food security across much of Asia was being jeopardized by pesticide misuse, and the Green Revolution in the world's major food bowl was placed in jeopardy.

Doug secured funds from AusAID while the Dutch entomologist Lucas Brader tapped the Dutch Government to enable the FAO to develop a programme targeting some 200million rice farmers in Asia. The resulting programmes have done much to reverse the serious social and environmental downside of the Green Revolution. The group of FAO IPM Programs that eventuated from Doug's initiative deployed non-formal education tools to help small-scale farmers become experts at growing their own crops again. The training in 'Farmers Field Schools' hinges on farmers understanding the rich biodiversity of the tropical rice paddy and how to use it to grow a crop sustainably and profitably. Once empowered, farmers look beyond plant protection and begin to make informed decisions about all aspects of growing a healthy crop, whether it be rice, vegetables or cotton, profitably and sustainably. These are the intercountry empowerment programmes that Doug created -millions of small-scale farmers can now rightly claim 'We did it all ourselves'.

Peter Kenmore, the leader of FAO's farmer empowerment programmes in Asia and Africa, said: 'One of Doug's smaller accomplishments was to create the FAO Intercountry IPM for Asia. He loved Asia very much, and did more than anyone in the world to connect, support, and push entomology, biocontrol and IPM in Asia into productive, heuristic contact with the rest of the world'.

(ii) The Council for International Congresses of Entomology

In the early 60s, the four-yearly International Congresses of Entomology were 'managed' by a self-appointed committee. Doug found this to be an unsatisfactory and unprofessional arrangement for such an important instrument of global entomology. Doug drew up a constitution and revamped the committee into a council which has staged highly successful congresses every four years since Doug's timely intervention. Doug was President for the XIVth Congress in Canberra in 1972 – the first in the southern hemisphere. He attended all Congresses since 1960 and played an active role as a participant as well as in Council affairs. In recognition of his leadership role on Council over so many years, the XXIst Congress at Iguassu Falls, Brazil, in August 2000, bestowed on Doug the unique honour of 'Honorary Chairman of Council'. Regrettably his doctors would not permit Doug to travel to the Congress in Brazil, but news of the honour brought him much happiness.

(iii) ACIAR and biocontrol in Asia and the Pacific

Soon after Doug's retirement, his life-long commitment to the biological control of pests and weeds was stimulated by the many Pacific people he met in October 1982 in Tonga, while attending a training workshop. Sponsored by several agencies, this workshop was the first of two in Tonga that had a major impact on biological control of pests and weeds in the region. Doug presented two papers at this workshop, one on the need to increase awareness of biological control in the Pacific as a preferred alternative to chemical control, and a second paper on the use of pheromones, hormones and genetic methods for controlling insect pests. He referred to the costs and benefits of these methods, and how they might be applied in the Pacific. In Tonga, Doug gained a considerable appreciation of the significance of entomological problems in the region and the need to prioritize future research.

Doug's association with ACIAR began in 1983, soon after its establishment in 1982. Jim McWilliam, ACIAR's Director, invited Doug to become a Senior Research Fellow with ACIAR. Doug visited China in 1984, and several major initiatives developed with CSIRO Entomology soon after this visit, including projects on the biological control of stem borers in street trees and Carposina moth in apples using nematodes. Increased interest in biological control developed throughout the Pacific after the training workshop in Tonga, and the participants recognized the need for another workshop specifically on biological control. Doug began reviewing previous biological control projects in the western Pacific and examining their relative rates of success, helped by colleagues and others that he contacted through the South Pacific Commission. He circulated drafts of his pest and weed evaluation reports, each headed by the scientific and common names, and ranked on a scale of increasing importance for each country.

At ACIAR, Doug started developing concepts for projects based on collaboration between Australian scientists interested in biological control and those in developing countries of the Pacific and south-east Asia. Encouraged by McWilliam, he began preparing dossiers on potential targets, to identify biological control projects that were most likely to be effective in the Pacific and help facilitate projects with expertise from Australian agencies.

After the workshop in Tonga, another aimed specifically towards biological control was proposed. Following a recommendation from Doug, ACIAR adopted a proposal that it should take the lead and, in collaboration with relevant agencies, planned a workshop on biological control of arthropod and weed pests to be held in the south-west Pacific. In 1983, Doug, N. vonKeyserlingk and Dirk Stechmann from the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), developed the agenda. With support from the government of Tonga, ACIAR and GTZ (through its Tongan-German Plant Protection Project), the 'Workshop on Biological Control in the South Pacific' was subsequently held at Tongatapu in October 1985.

Doug presented dossiers on pests and weeds at the workshop and, after circulation to colleagues, compiled them for the first book in the series 'Biological Control: Pacific Prospects', published in 1987. This was followed by Supplement1 in 1989 and Supplement2 in 1993, both of them written with CSIRO colleague Dick Norris. These books dealt with 38 arthropod pests or groups of pests, giant African snails and 20 weeds, and each reviewed all that was required for new biological control initiatives. The books were distributed by ACIAR to the relevant agricultural and forestry agencies and libraries in all countries of the Pacific. As well as documenting all relevant information, Doug's dossiers were intended to provide a basis for collaborative projects between Australian agencies and Pacific countries. The major objectives of these projects were to introduce natural enemies (after carrying out any necessary host-specificity testing), provide for monitoring target populations, facilitate visits to Australia and overseas by collaborators, and sometimes provide training for personnel based overseas. Apart from successful control of pests and weeds, several of the overseas participants continued their entomological training by enrolling in universities and institutions.

The first project he compiled for a dossier, biological control of passion fruit scale (Pseudaulecaspis pentagona) in Samoa (then Western Samoa), was seen by Doug to be relatively straight-forward. The scale insect had attracted considerable research effort by GTZ entomologists in Samoa since 1984. Subsequently, in 1987, ACIAR supported a collaborative project between Samoa and CSIRO Entomology, and thus began a series of successful biological control projects involving collaboration between Pacific countries and Australian scientists.

In 1988, Doug proposed a major project, 'Biological Control in the Pacific', with subprojects on several pests: fruit piercing moths, mimosa, leucaena psyllid, banana aphid, banana weevil, banana skipper, and the weed lantana. This involved scientists from CSIRO Entomology, Queensland Department of Lands (now Department of Natural Resources), and New South Wales Department of Agriculture. The countries initially involved were Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Niue, Cook Islands and Kiribati. The largest and most complex dossier Doug prepared was on fruit flies of the Oceanic Pacific. Natural enemies that had been used against fruit flies, especially in Hawaii, were well documented, but Doug emphasized how difficult it was to select an appropriate parasitoid for introduction against a particular fruit fly species, and to achieve satisfactory levels of control. Doug pointed out that for export produce, 'complete freedom from living fruit fly stages is demanded', and stated that acceptable levels of control of fruit flies may never be reliably achieved with natural enemies.

In 1991 Doug published an important handbook, Guidelines for Biological Control Projects in the Pacific (127). It provided short, simple and straight-forward summaries on selecting projects, importing agents, quarantine procedures, designing facilities, assessing an agent's safety, host-specificity testing and handling conflicts of interest. The book was reprinted in 1998 (145) and has continued to be useful to biological control practitioners.

Doug frequently participated at conferences in the South Pacific, and attended several workshops, including one, 'Exotic Pests in the Pacific – Problems and Solutions', held in Guam in 1990, sponsored by the Pacific Science Association and University of Guam. At this workshop he proposed renewed attempts to control breadfruit fluted scale, Icerya aegyptiaca, a problem on central Pacific atolls. A project for control of the scale was proposed by Doug to involve CSIRO, Kiribati and Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) where the pest had persisted since its introduction during the Second World War. The scale was eventually controlled by an Australian predatory ladybird, Rodolia limbata, from Darwin, when introduced into the FSM in 1994 and Kiribati in 1995. The predator was also introduced into the Marshall Islands and Palau.

Doug encouraged publication of the biological control work carried out in the Pacific, and he and Agnes Vargo from American Samoa were editors for the publication of proceedings of a plenary session in Beijing in 1992 for Supplement (4) of Micronesica in 1993. Titled Biological Control of Exotic Pests in the Pacific (134), this edition included biological control presentations from the north-west Pacific as well as the south-west islands.

Doug was always interested in the local cultures of the Pacific people and he took every opportunity to admire their crafts, traditional houses and sample their food, and he would overcome their shyness with his exceptional charm. Wherever he went with tubes in collecting bags, he was always followed by the villagers and their children, wanting to peer through his hand lens to see the pests and to have Doug explain the damage these microscopic creatures were doing (Fig. 2).

Doug was instrumental in initiating a project on the Asian banana skipper (Erionota thrax) in Papua New Guinea, and he prepared a dossier on the pest that was published in 1989 (Supplement1). Doug considered this would be one of several 'fast-track' sub-projects and his prediction for this pest proved to be accurate. The project, by CSIRO and ACIAR, began in 1988 and an exotic larval parasitoid (Cotesia erionotae), originally from Thailand, was first released in 1990 in Port Moresby. Following establishment of the parasitoid, the pest greatly declined in abundance and, since 1992, damage to bananas has no longer been of major importance. It undoubtedly reduced the chances of the pest reaching Australia. In 1997, Doug published an important work on the invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and forestry in the south-west Pacific (141). This book, consisting mainly of tables, listed all known Pacific pests, their common names and principal crops attacked, the countries of occurrence and their importance. He similarly listed weeds, their distribution and importance, and the distribution and importance of plantation trees and their pests.

In recognizing the need to update biological control in Australia, Doug and Don Sands decided to prepare a book on the classical biological control of arthropods. A previous exercise by Frank Wilson in 1960 had covered pests and weeds of Australia and Papua New Guinea, but many projects had been carried out since in Australia and summaries could not be obtained without extensive literature searches. The authors found that 98 pest species or groups of pests had been targeted for biological control. Despite his progressing illness, Doug worked with his usual zeal and energy until the text reached its final stage in November 2000, when ACIAR began editing. Sadly Doug did not see the book published, but he was very pleased with the final text. Classical Biological Control of Arthropods in Australia, published by ACIAR, was launched on 26 April 2001 at a special commemorative event held at the Australian Academy of Science in Doug's honour.

Doug, by his actions within FAO and though ACIAR, took up Stephen Toulmin's challenge to 're-appropriate the wisdom of the 16th Century humanists; and develop a new point of view that combines the abstract rigour and exactitude of the 17th Century "new philosophy" with a practical concern for human life in its concrete detail'. Thus he strived to 'counter the current widespread disillusion with the agenda of modernity, and salvage what is still humanly important in its projects'.

Other activities

Australian Academy of Science

The Australian Academy of Science was established in 1954, and Doug was immediately elected a Fellow. In 1960 he was elected to be a member of Council and the following year to the role of SecretaryB (Biological Sciences), a post he held until 1966. He was an early member of the Science and Industry Forum.

In 1965 he organized the AGM Symposium on 'New Perspectives in the Control of Insects' and he was very active in programmes to support the study of Australian biota, including the first Interim Council of the Australian Biological Resources Study (see below).

Doug also took an active role in the development of Australia's contribution to the International Biological Programme. He contributed to several reports (e.g. on the crown-of-thorns starfish) and he was chair of a committee responsible for a report on the use of DDT in Australia (83).

Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)

A proposal to establish a Biological Study of Australia received the support of both major political parties in the 1972 election, and in August 1973 Doug was appointed Chairman of an Interim Council. The function of the council was essentially to report on the provision of grants for the collection and description of species of Australian plants and animals, for the study of their ecology, and for the proper maintenance of collections. The Pigott Committee on Museums and National Collections was one of the important lines of enquiry established by this council. Its report was published in 1975 (94), but by this time the government had changed and the new minister showed no interest in the matter. Doug refused to give up, seeing the matter finally resolved with the establishment of the Australian Biological Resources Study in August 1978.

Because the Interim Council had not been given direct responsibility for making recommendations for the improvement of the position of State institutions, there was considerable apprehension that the funds would be allocated only to federal agencies. Doug recognized that, to ensure the support of the States, it would be essential to provide them with additional resources. Most of the initial three years funding was needed to examine conditions in existing institutions around the country, and then to call for and consider applications for grants. A report to the Federal Government was prepared and submitted less than two years after the first meeting of the council, by which time the support of the State institutions was assured. When the Interim Council was replaced, in 1978, by the ABRS Advisory Committee, Doug was the only member retained; he continued his association with the programme until his retirement.

ABRS has continued to be effective and productive, and there has been substantial progress to show for the Government's comparatively modest investment. Publications include numerous volumes of Flora of Australia and of Zoological Catalogue of Australian Species. Much of the early success of the venture was due to Doug's talent for turning a good idea into a feasible and lasting programme, and in his gift for communicating its benefits in public and political contexts. Certainly the climate of opinion changed, but Doug succeeded when previous efforts had failed.

Higher education in Canberra

Doug played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Canberra College of Advanced Education (CCAE), now the University of Canberra. The concept of the CAE system originated with a report in 1964. This recognized the need for a range of vocational and professional courses that were equal but different to those offered by the universities. In 1965 a further report, to which Doug contributed significantly, established the need for a CAE in Canberra, and in December 1966 an Interim Council, with Doug as a member, was appointed to design a completely new style of higher education. Doug was convinced that the CAE should produce graduates who would be immediately useful in their profession and that interdisciplinary studies were a critical element of such education. It was to focus on the professions, catering for both full-time and part-time students. He emphasized the necessity for quality teaching.

The permanent Council of the new CCAE was established in November 1968 and Doug was unanimously elected as its first Chair, a position he held for the next 16years, thus providing a continuing vision for the direction of CCAE.

Doug took a very active part in many of the activities of CCAE. He chaired the Finance Committee and the Buildings and Site Committee, deciding that the grounds should be planted exclusively with Australian flora.

Doug's leadership at CCAE was celebrated by Sam Richardson, inaugural Principal of the CCAE, in his 1979 book Parity of Esteem:

Doug's positive leadership and wise counsel has inspired us all throughout the decade As a leader, he was quietly modest and consciously strove for consensus. His good humour and evident enjoyment of life were infectious. His judgementswere invariably well considered, fair and positively friendly, He welded staff and students together as a team dedicated to success, despite the many disappointments and setbacks of the first two decades. He was, without question, the most influential and steadfast of the founders of the University of Canberra.

In 1975 Doug was made the first Honorary Fellow of CCAE, and in 1985 the School of Applied Science building was named in his honour.

Community affairs

One of Doug's passionate commitments was to the National Trust of Australia (ACT). He was Member of its Council from 1980 to 1996 and its President from 1985 to 1988. With characteristic foresight, he anticipated the increase in community interest in Australian history and saw the need for involving a broad range of professionals in Trust activities. He created links with government agencies, notably the National Capital Development Commission and the Australian Capital Territory Administration. He was fasciated with all aspects of natural and cultural heritage, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal. He provided leadership and vision and, at the same time, ensured that all with whom he worked received credit for their contributions.

His dedication to the Trust was matched by his love of Canberra, and his infectious enthusiasm deepened the feelings of many people for the place he knew as home. He and Dawn were appointed the first Life Members of the Canberra Museum and Gallery. Doug was a member of Rotary and served for many years on the board of the school attended by his three sons.

The scientist and the person

Doug had come from a religious background, with Presbyterian grandparents and a Methodist father and grandfather, but like many biologists who found it difficult to accept both evolution and the scriptures, he was agnostic. He was, however, very tolerant of the beliefs of others. He was unusual in being quite certain of his vocation from a very early age, and coming from parents who were active in fostering the activities of their sons, he was able to pursue his entomological activities with enlightened encouragement.

He was intelligent, hard-working and enthusiastic. He had a remarkable memory, and showed perseverance and tenacity to an extraordinary degree. He was not physically robust, but was capable of arduous work in the field. Later in life he became adept at handling politicians, all of whom held him in great respect. He interacted equally well with all members of his staff, and particularly with entomologists in developing countries.

Doug had an unusually large number of acquaintances amongst entomologists around the world, and he described himself, not without reason, as a 'benevolent autocrat'. He greatly appreciated international recognition, especially his election to prestigious academies and institutions. His colleagues described him as having outstanding administrative ability and foresight, together with inexhaustible energy, courage, and loyalty to his staff. He had an unusual ability to select teams of young scientific staff in all disciplines needed to make the Division of Entomology, in the words of George Rothschild, 'an extraordinarily exciting place to be in'.

Doug wrote fluently, always by long-hand, never using either a typewriter or a word processor. He was an eloquent advocate, sometimes loquacious (to the annoyance of some of those with whom he was debating), but he rarely lost a debate on matters that he held dear.

His holiday home at the South Coast was a focus for family activities and a place where he enjoyed entertaining guests, especially those from overseas. Doug was a keen sea fisherman. According to Ian, his brother, 'it was almost as if he had a special line' to his catch. He used some of his fish to perfect his skills in making fishprints, the ancient Japanese art of Gyotaku (85, 93).

Doug loved life. He had many firm and lasting friends, especially within the entomological community in Australia and overseas. He was hard-working, jovial and enthusiastic about all he did. He was a devoted family man who gave much credit to his wife, Dawn, for his many accomplishments. In 1994 he was diagnosed with cancer. In the following years, Doug exhibited extraordinary courage and determination to overcome it for a further six years. Despite his illness, he continued to publish extensively. He finally laid down his pen, with much reluctance, just two days before his death. Doug is survived by Dawn, one daughter, three sons, and their families.

Honours and awards

During his illustrious career Doug received many distinctions and awards. His appointments and awards included:

• 1951 Fellow, Royal Australian Chemical Institute
• 1953 David Syme Research Prize, University of Melbourne
• 1954 Fellow, Australian Academy of Science
• 1960-6 Council, Australian Academy of Science
• 1961-6 Secretary (Biological Sciences), Australian Academy of Science
• 1966 Council, International Congress of Entomology. (Chairman 1980-4; Honorary Member 1984)
• 1967 Fellow, Royal Society of London
• 1968 Chairman (Chancellor), Canberra College of Advanced Education, later Honorary Fellow of the University of Canberra
• 1970 Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
• 1971 Foreign Fellow Gyotaku-No-Kai, Tokyo
• 1972 Honorary Fellow Royal Entomological Society of London
• 1972 Mueller Medal
• 1973 Farrer Medal
• 1974 Foreign Fellow Brazilian Academy of Science
• 1975 Medal, International Congress of Plant Protection
• 1975 DSc (Hon) Australian National University
• 1980 Officer, Order of Australia (AO)
• 1983 Foreign Member, USSR Academy of Science
• 1984 Foreign Member, US National Academy of Science
• 1985-7 President, National Trust of Australia (ACT)
• 1988 Australian Bicentennial Award, most outstanding living contributor to New South Wales agriculture
• 1993 Foreign Member, Russian Academy of Sciences
• 1996 Honorary Member, Australian Entomological Society
• 2000 Honorary Chairman, Council for International Congresses of Entomology (only such honour awarded).

Doug was member of numerous national and international committees, and served on the editorial boards of a number of scientific journals.

About this memoir

This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, vol.13, no.4, 2001. It was written by:

• Maxwell F.C. Day, CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601.
• Maxwell J. Whitten, formerly Chief, CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra.
• Don Sands, formerly CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra.

Acknowledgments

Doug left a 32-page document entitled Chronicle, which provided a good deal of information about his early life. He also left a video made by Dr Max Blythe (Oxford Brookes University) and this provided details of his work during the Second World War.

We are grateful for the help of many people the preparation of this memoir, especially members of the Waterhouse family, and others too numerous to detail. Special thanks go to Paul Ferrar, Dick Norris, Murray Upton, John Rayner, Ken Taylor, Rosanne Walker, John Mulvaney and Perry Adkisson.

ACIAR, CSIRO and the Australian Academy of Science supported the reproduction here of Fig.1.

References

• Marsden, J. S. et al., Returns on Australian Agricultural Research: The Joint Industries Assistance Commission – CSIRO benefit-cost study of the CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra: CSIRO, 1980.
• Richardson, S.S., Parity of Esteem, Belconnen, ACT: Canberra College of Advanced Education, 1979.
• Upton, M., A rare and diverse fauna: The history of the Australian National Insect Collection 1926-1991, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, 1997.

Bibliography

1938

1. Davis, C., Day, M.F. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1938). Notes on the terrestrial ecology of the Five Islands. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NSW. 63: 357-88.

1939

2. Waterhouse, D.F. (1939). Temperature preference in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina Wied. Australian Journal of Science. 2: 31-2.

1940

3. Waterhouse, D.F. (1940). Studies on the physiology and toxicology of blowflies. 5. The hydrogen ion concentration in the alimentary canal. Pamphlet CSIR Australia. 102: 5-27.
4. Waterhouse, D.F. (1940). Studies on the physiology and toxicology of blowflies. 6. The absorption and distribution of iron. Pamphlet CSIR Australia. 102: 28-50.

1944

5. Waterhouse, D.F. (1944). Field and laboratory tests with B.T.B. blowfly dressing and its modifications, with special reference to B.K.B. Journal CSIR. 17: 1-15.

1945

6. Waterhouse, D.F. (1945). Studies of the physiology and toxicology of blowflies. 10. A histochemical examination of the distribution of copper in Lucilia cuprina. Bulletin CSIR. 191: 1-20.
7. Waterhouse, D.F. (1945). Studies of the physiology and toxicology of blowflies. 11. A quantitative investigation of the copper content of Lucilia cuprina. Bulletin CSIR. 191: 21-39.
8. Helson, G.A.H. and Waterhouse, D.F (1945). The present status of DDT as an insecticide. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science. 11: 172-8.

1946

9. Gilmour, D., Waterhouse, D.F. and McIntyre, G.A. (1946). An account of experiments undertaken to determine the natural population density of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina Wied. Bulletin CSIR. 195: 1-39.
10. Waterhouse, D.F. and Fuller, M.E. (1946). The use of borax for the prevention of fly breeding in trap baits. Journal CSIR. 19: 321-9.

1947

11. Waterhouse, D.F. (1947). The relative importance of live sheep and of carrion as breeding grounds for the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Bulletin CSIR. 217: 1-31.
12. Waterhouse, D.F. (1947). Studies of the physiology and toxicology of blowflies. 12. The toxicity of DDT as a contact and stomach poison for larvae of Lucilia cuprina. Bulletin CSIR. 218: 1-18.
13. Waterhouse, D.F. (1947). Studies of the physiology and toxicology of blowflies. 13. Insectary tests of repellents for the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Bulletin CSIR. 218: 19-30.
14. McCulloch, R.N. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1947). Laboratory and field tests of mosquito repellents. Bulletin CSIR. 213: 1-28.
15. Waterhouse, D.F. (1947). An examination of the Peet-Grady method for the evaluation of household fly sprays. Bulletin CSIR. 216: 1-24.
16. Waterhouse, D.F. (1947). Spray tests against adult mosquitoes. 1. Laboratory spray tests with culicine (Culex fatigans) adults. Bulletin CSIR. 219: 1-29.
17. Waterhouse, D.F. and Atherton, D.O. (1947). Spray tests against adult mosquitoes. 2. Spray tests with anopheline (Anopheles punctulatus farauti) adults. Bulletin CSIR. 219: 29-40.

1948

18. Waterhouse, D.F. (1948) The effect of colour on the numbers of houseflies resting on painted surfaces. Australian Journal of Scientific Research B. 1: 65-75.

1949

19. Waterhouse, D.F. (1949). The hydrogen ion concentration in the alimentary canal of larval and adult Lepidoptera. Australian Journal of Scientific Research B. 2: 428-37.

1950

20. Waterhouse, D.F. (1950). Studies of the physiology and toxicology of blowflies. XIV. The composition, formation, and fate of the granules in the malpighian tubules of Lucilia cuprina larvae. Australian Journal of Scientific Research B. 3: 76-112.
21. Waterhouse, D.F. and Paramonov, S.J. (1950). The status of the two species of Lucilia (Diptera, Calliphoridae) attacking sheep in Australia. Australian Journal of Scientific Research B. 3: 310-36.
22. Waterhouse, D.F. (1950). Connective tissue strands in blowfly larvae. Australian Journal of Science. 13: 25-6.
23. Waterhouse, D.F. and SCOTT, Marion T. (1950). Insectary tests with insecticides to protect sheep against body strike. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 1: 440-455.

1951

24. Waterhouse, D.F. (1951). Histochemical detection of barium and strontium. Nature. 167: 358.
25. Waterhouse, D.F. (1951). The occurrence of barium and strontium in insects. Australian Journal of Scientific Research B. 4: 144-62.

1952

26. Waterhouse, D.F. (1952). Studies on the digestion of wool by insects. IV. Absorption and elimination of metals by lepidopterous larvae, with special reference to the clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Humm.). Australian Journal of Scientific Research B. 5: 143-68.
27. Waterhouse, D.F. (1952). Studies on the digestion of wool by insects. V. The goblet cells in the midgut of larvae of clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella (Humm.)) and other Lepidoptera. Australian Journal of Scientific Research B. 5: 169-77.
28. Waterhouse, D.F. (1952). Studies on the digestion of wool by insects. VI. The pH and oxidation-reducing potential of the alimentary canal of the clothes moth larva Tineola bisselliella (Humm.). Australian Journal of Scientific Research B. 5: 177-88.
29. Waterhouse, D.F. (1952). Detoxifying mechanisms in clothes moth larvae. Nature. 169: 550.
30. Waterhouse, D.F. (1952). Studies on the digestion of wool by insects. VII. Some features of digestion in three species of dermestid larvae and a comparison with Tineola larvae. Australian Journal of Scientific Research B. 5: 444-59.

1953

31. Waterhouse, D.F. (1953). Studies on the digestion of wool by insects. IX. Some features of digestion in chewing lice (Mallophaga) from bird mammalian hosts. Australian Journal of Biological Science. 6: 257-75.
32. Waterhouse, D.F. (1953). Occurrence and endodermal origin of the peritrophic membrane in some insects. Nature. 172: 676.
33. Waterhouse, D.F. (1953). The occurrence and significance of the peritrophic membrane, with special reference to adult Lepidoptera and Diptera. Australian Journal of Zoology 1: 299-318.
34. Waterhouse, D.F. and Day, M.F. (1953). Function of the gut in absorption, excretion and intermediary metabolism. In: K.D. Roeder (ed.) Insect Physiology. NY: John Wiley: 331-49.
35. Day, M.F. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1953). The mechanism of digestion. In: K.D. Roeder (ed.) Insect Physiology. NY: John Wiley: 311-30.
36. Day, M.F. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1953). Functions of the alimentary system. In: K.D. Roeder (ed.) Insect Physiology. NY: John Wiley: 299-310.
37. Day, M.F. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1953). Structure of the alimentary system. In: K.D. Roeder (ed.) Insect Physiology. NY: John Wiley: 273-98.

1954

38. Waterhouse, D.F. (1954). The rate of production of the peritrophic membrane in some insects. Australian Journal of Biological Science. 7: 59-72.

1955

39. Waterhouse, D.F. and Stay, Barbara (1955). Functional differentiation in the midgut epithelium of blowfly larvae as revealed by histochemical tests. Australian Journal of Biological Science. 8: 253-77.
40. Waterhouse, D.F. (1955). Functional differentiation of the hindgut epithelium of the blowfly larva into longitudinal bands. Australian Journal of Biological Science. 8: 514-29.

1957

41. Waterhouse, D.F. (1957). Digestion in insects. Annual Review of Entomology. 2: 1-18.
42. Waterhouse, D.F. and Iryzkiewicz, H. (1957). An examination of proteolytic enzymes from several insects for collagenase activity. Journal of Insect Physiology. 1: 18-22.

1958

43. Waterhouse, D.F. (1958). Wool digestion and mothproofing. Advanced Pest Control Research. 2: 207-62.

1959

44. Waterhouse, D.F. (1959). Axenic culture of wax moth for digestion studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 77: 283-9.

1960

45. Poulson, D.F. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1960). Experimental studies on pole cells and midgut differentiation in Diptera. Australian Journal of Biological Science. 13. 541-67. 45(a) Poulson, D.F. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1960). Pole cells and midgut differentiation in Diptera. Proceedings XV International Congress of Zoology, Section 7, 39: 1-2.
46. Waterhouse, D.F. and Wright, Margaret (1960). The fine structure of the mosaic midgut epithelium of blowfly larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology. 5: 230-9.

1961

47. Waterhouse, D.F., Forss, D.A. and Hackman, R.H. (1961). Characteristic odour components of the scent of stink bugs. Journal of Insect Physiology. 6: 113-21.
48. Waterhouse, D.F., Hackman, R.H. and McKellar, J.W. (1961). An investigation of chitinase activity in cockroach and termite extracts. Journal of Insect Physiology. 6: 96-112.
49. Waterhouse, D.F. and McKellar, J.W. (1961). The distribution of chitinase activity in the body of the American cockroach. Journal of Insect Physiology. 6: 185-95.
50. Mackerras, I.M., Waterhouse, D.F., Maiden, A.C.B. and Edgar, G. (1961). The cattle tick problem in New South Wales. Scientific Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture (NSW). 78: 1-100.

1962

51. Waterhouse, D.F. (1962). Insect control by radiation sterilization in Australia. Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 13: 435-9.

1963

52. Waterhouse, D.F. (1963). Pesticides. Wool Technology & Sheep Breeding. 10: 81-85.
53. Waterhouse, D.F. (1963). Pesticides: Potential peril or profitable protection. Royal Agricultural Society of the Commonwealth. Report of the 1963 Conference, Sydney: 26-32. (reprint 1-6.)
54. Gordon, H.T., Waterhouse, D.F. and Gilby, A.R. (1963). Incorporation of 14C-acetate into scent constituents by the green vegetable bug. Nature. 197: 818.

1964

55. Gilby, A.R. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1964). The identification of trans-4-ketohex-2-enal by its proton magnetic resonance spectrum. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 17: 1311-13.
56. Waterhouse, D.F. and Gilby, A.R. (1964). The adult scent glands and scent of nine bugs of the superfamily Coreoidea. Journal of Insect Physiology. 10: 977-87. 56(a) Waterhouse, D.F. (1964). Forest entomology in Australia and territories. FAO/IUFRO Symposium on internationally dangerous forest diseases and insects. FAO/FORPEST 64: 4 pp. mimeograph.

1965

57. Gilby, A.R. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1965). The composition of the scent of the green vegetable bug Nezara viridula. Proceedings of the Royal Society [B]. 162: 105-20.
58. Waterhouse, D.F. (1965). Some aspects of Australian entomological research. Proceedings XII International Congress of Entomology London 1964: 46-51.
59. Waterhouse, D.F. and Gilby, A.R. (1965). Chemical characterization of the scent of the green vegetable bug Nezara viridula (Heteroptera). Proceedings XII International Congress of Entomology London 1964.
60. Waterhouse, D.F. (1965). Whither insect control? Australian Journal of Pharmacology. 46: (Suppl. 35): 103-4.
61. Waterhouse, D.F. (1965). New perspectives in insect control. Setting the scene: pest control past and present. Australian Journal of Science. 28: 218-20.
62. Waterhouse, D.F. (1965). The use of sterile insects for their own destruction. Australian Journal of Science. 28: 235-7.

1966

63. Waterhouse, D.F. and Norris, K.R. (1966). Bushfly repellents. Australian Journal of Science. 28: 351.

1967

64. Waterhouse, D.F. (1967). The entomological control of weeds in Australia. The Eleventh Pacific Science Congress – Symposium No.28: Natural Enemies in the Pacific Area (Biological Control). Tokyo, 1966] Mushi 39: 109-18.
65. Gilby, A.R. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1967). Secretions from the lateral scent glands of the green vegetable bug Nezara viridula. Nature. 216: 90-1.
66. Waterhouse, D.F. and Wallbank, B.E. (1967). 2-methylene butanal and related compounds in the defensive scent Platyzosteria cockroaches (Blattidae: Polyzosteriinae). Journal of Insect Physiology. 13: 1657-69.
67. Waterhouse, D.F. (1967). Biology in the modern world: Interacting organisms and the balance of nature. Reports of the Australian Academy of Science. 8: 33-9.

1968

68. Filshie, B.K. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1968). The fine structure of the lateral scent glands of the green vegetable bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Journal of Microscopie 7: 231-44.
69. Lee, D.J. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1968). Anthony Reeve Woodhill 1900-1965: Memorial Series No. 21. Proceedings of the. Linnean Society of NSW. 92: 285-97.
70. Waterhouse, D.F. and Wilson, F. (1968). Biological control of pests and weeds. Science Journal 4: 31-7.

1969

71. Filshie, B.K. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1969). The structure and development of a surface pattern on the cuticle of the green vegetable bug Nezara viridula. Tissue & Cell. 1: 367-85.
72. Crossley, A.C. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1969). The ultrastructure of a pheromone-secreting gland in the male scorpion-fly Harpobittacus australis (Bittacidae: Mecoptera). Tissue & Cell. 1: 237-94.
73. Crossley, A.C. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1969). The ultrastructure of the osmeterium and the nature of its secretion in Papilio larvae (Lepidoptera). Tissue & Cell. 1: 525-54.
74. Waterhouse, D.F. (1969). Pesticides. Australian Journal of Forensic Science. 1: 25-30. 74A Waterhouse, D.F. (1969). The Activities of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Resistance of Pests to Pesticides. FAO 22 September 1969. 11pp. mimeograph. 74B Waterhouse, D.F. (1969). Incidence and trends on a global basis of resistance in pests of agricultural importance. FAO 22 September 1969. mimeograph.

1970

75. Wallbank, B.E. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1970). The defensive secretions of Polyzosteria and related cockroaches. Journal of Insect Physiology. 16: 2081-96.
76. Mitsuhashi, J., Grace, T.D.C. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1970). Effects of insecticides on cultures of insect cells. Entomology Experimental & Applied. 13: 327-41.
77. Mitsuhashi, J., Grace, T.D.C. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1970). Studies on the effects of rotenone on the growth of insect cells cultivated in vitro. Entomology Experimental & Applied. 13: 467-73.
78. Gilmour, D. (in association with Waterhouse, D.F. and Day, M.F. (1970)). General anatomy and physiology. Chapter 2. In: (CSIRO) The Insects of Australia. Carlton: Melbourne University Press.

1971

79. Filshie, B.K., Poulson, D.F. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1971). Ultrastructure of the copper-accumulating region of the Drosophila larval midgut. Tissue & Cell. 3: 77-102.
80. Waterhouse, D.F. (1971). The defensive secretion of Polyzosteria and related cockroaches. Proceedings XIII International Congress of Entomology Moscow 1968. Nauka, Leningrad. 1: 459.
81. Waterhouse, D.F. (1971). Insects and Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society. 10: 145-60.

1972

82. Common, I.F.B. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1972). Butterflies of Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 498 pp., 41 pls., 25 figs.
83. Waterhouse, D.F. et al. (1972). The use of DDT in Australia. Reports of the Australian Academy of Science. 14: 72 pp.
84. Waterhouse, D.F. (1972) The use of DDT in Australia. Search 3: 355-6.
85. Waterhouse, D.F. (1972) In: Y. Hiyama et al (eds.) Masters of the Modern Art of Gyotaku. Kodansha, Japan.
86. Rothschild, G.D.H. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1972). Research on rice borers, related pests and their natural enemies. Preface. Mushi 45 (Suppl.). 1-2.
87. Waterhouse, D.F. (1972). Quarantine and the dung beetle. Animal Quarantine, 1 (4): 10-12.

1973

88. Waterhouse, D.F. (1973). Insects and wheat in Australia. Farrer Memorial Oration, 1973. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science. 39: 215-26.
89. Waterhouse, D.F. (1973). Pest Management in Australia. Nature. 246: 269-71.

1974

90. Waterhouse, D.F. (1974). Insects and man in Australia. Opening address at the Insects and Man Exhibition, Brisbane,March 1973. In: Changing Patterns in Entomology. Jubilee Publication of the Entomological Society of Queensland: 69-71.
91. Waterhouse, D.F. (1974). Basic information needed for the effective development of 'new' control techniques. Proceedings of the FAO Conference on Ecology in relation to Plant Pest Control. Rome, Italy, 1972: 263-73.
92. Waterhouse, D.F. (1974). The biological control of dung. Scientific American 230: 100-9.
93. Waterhouse, D.F. (1974). Gyotaku. Harpers, July.

1975

94. Pigott, P.H. (and others, including Waterhouse, D.F.) (1975). Museums in Australia. Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Museums and National Collections. 124 pp. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

1976

95. Waterhouse, D.F., LaChance, L.E. and Whitten, M.J. (1976). Use of autocidal methods. In: D.B. Huffaker and P.S. Messenger, (eds.) Theory and Practice of Biological Control. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press: 637-59.
96. Waterhouse, D.F. (1976). In V.L. Delucchi, (ed.) Studies in Biological Control International Biological Programme 9: Cambridge University Press.

1977

97. Waterhouse, D.F. (1977). FAO activities in the field of pesticide resistance. Proceedings XV International Congress of Entomology Washington, D.C. 1976: 786-93.
98. Waterhouse, D.F., et al. (1977) Report of the Interim Council of the Australian Biological Resources Study. Canberra: Department of Science: 1-50.

1978

99. Waterhouse, D.F. (1978). Report and recommendations made by the Interim Council of the Australian Biological Resources Study. In Australian Biological Resources Study 1973-78. Canberra: Department of Science.
100. Waterhouse, D.F. and Highley, E. (1978). Insecticides: essential or dispensable? Pest control strategies in perspective. CSIRO Central Information Service Leaflet. Sheet No. 1-13 (September).
101. Waterhouse, D.F. and Highley, E. (1978). Biological control. CSIRO Central Information Service Leaflet. Sheet No. 1-14 (Nov).
102. Waterhouse, D.F. (1978). Pasture pests and biological control in Australia. In: Crosby, T.K. and Pottinger, R.P., (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology. Wellington: Government Printer. 12-16.

1979

103. Waterhouse, D.F. (1979). The History and Future of Biological Control in Australia. 3rd Australian Applied Entomology Conference Queensland. Melbourne: CSIRO. 6-9.
104. Waterhouse, D.F. (1979). Reduction of some biological constraints on the world's food supply. Proceedings IX International Congress of Plant Protection, Washington: 6-9.

1980

105. Waterhouse, D.F. and Norris, K.R. (1980). Insects and insect physiology in the scheme of things. Insect Biology in the Future. Anniversary Volume for V.B. Wigglesworth. NY: Academic Press. 19-37.

1981

106. Common, I.F.B. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1981). Butterflies of Australia. 2nd edn. 682pp. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.

1982

107. Common, I.F.B. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1982) Butterflies of Australia. Field Edition. 2nd edn. 434pp. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
108. Waterhouse, D.F. (1982). Factors that merit attention in biological control programs. Methods of controlling diseases, insects and other pests in the South Pacific. Course proceedings, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests, Tonga. 195-209.
109. Waterhouse, D.F. (1982). Pheromones, hormones and genetic methods of insect control. Methods of controlling diseases, insects and other pests in the South Pacific. Course proceedings, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests, Tonga. 264-84.

1983

110. Waterhouse, D.F. (1983). The Australian National Insect Collection. Hemisphere 27: 194-99.
111. Waterhouse, D.F., Putter, C.A.J., Theunissen, J. and van Halteren, P. (1983). FAO Inter-Country IPC Rice Programme. Report of the Joint ADAB/DGIS/FAO Mission to Review Progress. Rome: FAO, 51pp.

1985

112. Waterhouse, D.F. (1985). Introduction to dossiers on biological control of some major pests of the south west Pacific. Biological Control in the South Pacific. Report on an International Workshop, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests of Tonga. 56-9.
113. Waterhouse, D.F. (1985). Some attributes of biological control. Biological Control in the South Pacific. Report on an International Workshop, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests of Tonga. 98-104.
114. Waterhouse, D.F. (1985). Summaries of arthropod pest and weed dossiers. Biological Control in the South Pacific. Report on an International Workshop, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests of Tonga. 255-92.
115. Waterhouse, D.F. (1985). Tables of distribution and importance of arthropod and weeds in the south west Pacific. Biological Control in the South Pacific. Report on an International Workshop, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests of Tonga. 293-302.

1986

116. Waterhouse, D.F. (1986). Biological control: Pacific Prospects. UNDP/FAO/GTZ/IRETA Regional Crop Protection Workshop, Apia, Western Samoa 8-12 September, 1986. Proceedings.172-3.
117. Waterhouse, D.F. (1986). ACIAR support for plant protection research in the Pacific. UNDP/FAO/GTZ/IRETA Regional Crop Protection Workshop, Apia, Western Samoa 8-12September, 1986. Proceedings. 220-4. 117A Mitchell, W.C. and Waterhouse, D.F. (1986). Spread of the Leucaena psyllid,Heteropsylla cubana, in the Pacific. Leucaena Research Reports 7: 6-8.

1987

118. Waterhouse, D.F. (1987). The rice brown planthopper (wereng choklat) problem in Indonesia. Report on a visit to Indonesia, 27January-4February 1987. Canberra: ADAB, 34pp.
119. Waterhouse, D.F. and Norris, K.R. (1987). Biological Control: Pacific Prospects. 454pp. Melbourne: Inkata
120. Waterhouse, D.F. (1987). Biological Control in the Pacific Islands. In Report on Proceedings of Regional Collaboration in Biological Control. 11th International Congress on Plant Protection, Manila, 5-9 October, 1987. 13-18.

1988

121. Waterhouse, D.F. (1988). Entomology of the Pacific, a need for mutual interaction. Plenary Address, 15pp. Annual General Meeting, Australian Entomological Society, Brisbane,May 1988.

1989

122. Waterhouse, D.F. and Norris, K.R. (1989). Biological Control Pacific Prospects. Supplement1, Canberra: ACIAR, 123pp.

1990

123. Waterhouse, D.F. (1990). Guidelines for biological control projects in the Pacific. In: Proceedings of the Second ADAP Crop Protection Conference, University of Guam: 4-9.

1991

124. Waterhouse, D.F. (1991). The two faces of biological control. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Plant Protection.October 5-9, 1987, Manila, Philippines, Volume 1: 20-5.
125. Waterhouse, D.F. (1991). Biological control: mutual advantages of interaction between Australian and the Oceanic Pacific. Micronesica, Supplement 3: 83-92.
126. Waterhouse, D.F. (1991). Possibilities for the biological control of the breadfruit mealybug, Icerya aegyptiaca, on Pacific atolls. Micronesica, Supplement 3: 117-22.
127. Waterhouse, D.F. (1991). Guidelines for biological control projects in the Pacific. Information Documents 57: 1-30.
128. Waterhouse, D.F. (1991). Insects and humans. In: The Insects of Australia, Vol 1, 2nd edn. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. 221-35

1992

129. Waterhouse, D.F. (11992). Biological control: a viable strategy for the tropics. Proceedings of the Biological Control Session, 3rd International Congress on Plant Protection in the Tropics, Malaysia,March 1990. 1-13.
130. Waterhouse, D.F. (1992). Biological control of diamondback moth in the Pacific. Proceedings of the 2nd International Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests Workshop. Taiwan. December 1990, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Taiwan. 213-24.
131. Waterhouse, D.F. (1992). Some recent successes in biological control of aquatic weeds and prospects for paddy weeds in Southeast Asia. Proceedings, International Symposium on Biological Control and Integrated Management of Paddy and Aquatic Weeds in Asia. Tsukuba City, Japan. 20-25 October, 1992. 21-42.
132. Waterhouse, D.F. (1992). The major weeds of Southeast Asia: prospects for biological control. Proceedings of the 3rd International Tropical Weed Science Congress, Malaysia, December 1990.
133. Waterhouse, D.F. (1992). Choosing promising Southeast Asian biological control targets. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Biological Control in Tropical Agriculture, 27-30 August, 1991, Malaysia. 1993
134. Waterhouse, D.F. (1993). Biological control in the Oceanic West Pacific: an overview. Micronesica, Supplement 4: 1-9.
135. Waterhouse, D.F. (1993). The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia: distribution, importance and origin. Australian Centre of International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Monograph No21 Canberra, 141pp.
136. Waterhouse, D.F. (1993). Biological control: Pacific Prospects. Supplement 2. ACIAR. Canberra, 138 pp.
137. Waterhouse, D.F. (1993). Biological control in Pacific Countries. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Newsletter, Taipei, Taiwan. 2pp.
138. Waterhouse, D.F. (1993). Biological control of invasive pests in Oceanic and Australia's near north. Australian Entomological Society Conference, Cairns, Queensland,July 1993.
139. 138A Waterhouse, D.F. (1993). Prospects for biological control of paddy weeds in southeast Asia and some recent successes in the biological control of aquatic weeds. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taiwan. Extension Bulletin No 366. 10pp.

1994

139. Waterhouse, D.F. (1994). Biological control of weeds: Southeast Asian prospects. Canberra: ACIAR. Monograph No 26. 302pp.
140. Waterhouse, D.F. (1994). Prospects for the classical biological control of exotic Southeast Asian weeds. Proceedings, 4th International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics. 28-31 March, 1994, MAPPS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 164-6.

1997

141. Waterhouse, D.F. (1997). The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the southern and western Pacific. Canberra: ACIAR Monograph 44, 93pp.
142. Li, Li-Ying, Wang Ren and Waterhouse, D.F. (1997). The Distribution and Importance of arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture and Forestry Plantations in Southern China. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and ACIAR Monograph No 46, x+ 185 pp.

1998

143. Waterhouse, D.F. (1998). Biological control of insect pests: Southeast Asian Prospects. Canberra: ACIAR Monograph No 51, 548 pp
144. Waterhouse, D.F. and Ferrar. P. (1998). Proceedings, Second Workshop on Biological Control in the Pacific, Nadi, 9-13 October, 1995. SPC, Noumea, New Caledonia.
145. Waterhouse, D.F. (1998). Guidelines for biological control projects in the Pacific. SPC, Noumea, New Caledonia, Revised Edition.
146. Waterhouse, D.F. (1998). The distribution and importance of the major invertebrate pests of agriculture in the southern and western Pacific. In: Waterhouse and Ferrar (1998). Proceedings, Second Workshop on Biological Control in the Pacific, Nadi, 9-13 October, 1995. SPC, Noumea, New Caledonia.
147. Waterhouse, D.F. (1998). The distribution and importance of the major weeds of agriculture in the southern and western Pacific. In: Waterhouse and Ferrar (1998) Proceedings, Second Workshop on Biological Control in the Pacific, Nadi, 9-13 October, 1995. SPC, Noumea, New Caledonia.
148. Waterhouse, D.F. (1998). IPM, biological control and related issues. Proceedings, Workshop on Biological Control as a Cornerstone of Integrated Pest management for Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Asia. 11-15September 1995. MARDI, Selangor, Malaysia.
149. Waterhouse, D.F. (1998). Prospects for the classical biological control of major insect pests and weeds in southern China. Entomologia Sinica. 5, 320-41.

1999

150. Waterhouse, D.F., Dillon, B. and Vincent, D. (1999). Economic Benefits to Papua New Guinea and Australia from the Biological Control of Banana Skipper (Erionota thrax). Canberra: ACIAR Impact Assessment Series No 12. 36 pp.

2000

151. Klein Koch, and Waterhouse, D.F. (2000). Distribution and Importance of Arthropods Associated with Agriculture and Forestry in Chile. Canberra: ACIAR Monograph No. 68. 231 pp.

2001

152. Morris, H. and Waterhouse, D.F. (2001). The Distribution and Importance of Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Myanmar. Canberra: ACIAR Monograph No. 67. 73 pp.
153. Waterhouse, D.F. and Sands, D.P.A. (2001). Classical Biological Control of Arthropods in Australia. Canberra: ACIAR Monograph No.77.

Memoirs

154. Waterhouse, D.F. (1989). Thomas Graham Campbell (21 Nov. 1904-29 Sept. 1988). Myrmecia 25: 25-6.
155. Waterhouse, D.F. (1990). Thomas Greaves (2Aug 1902-19 Oct 1989). Entomological Society of Queensland News Bulletin, 17: 133-4.
156. Waterhouse, D.F. and McInnes, R.S. (1990). Thomas Greaves (2 Aug 1902-19 Oct 1989). Myrmecia 26: 41-2.
157. Waterhouse, D.F. and Norris, K.R. (1990). Tillyard, Robin John (1881-1937). In: John Ritchie (ed.) Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 12 1891-1939. Carlton: Melbourne University Press. 232-3.

Written by K.S.W. Campbell and J.S. Jell.

Introduction

Science, and the attempt to develop the academic standards of Australian universities, were the interests that dominated Dorothy Hill’s life. We refer not only to scientific endeavours as undertaken by herself and her colleagues, but also to basic approaches to administrative, commercial, educational and personal aspects of her life. Early in her career she learned how to develop and test hypotheses. To apply this philosophy to a wider range of problems, she had to be able to trust people and to make valid critical judgements; this required a high standard of conduct on her part as well as that of other people. Her students and the university staff responsible to her during her later years, all attest to the fact that she could be utterly relied upon. Guile was a word she did not recognise. In an interview she gave at the end of her career, she commented that she had been most concerned with the integrity of those with whom she had dealings of significance. This approach stood her in good stead in most of her work but, as one would expect, her judgements of the quality of fellow workers were not always faultless.

A second interesting aspect of her life was the extent to which she attempted to predict the ways in which geology would develop. She foresaw the need to use historical geology as a way of introducing students to the needs of various industries, at a time when it was commonly thought that oil would not be found in Australia and coal was not regarded as a valuable commodity; she saw the need to develop new aspects of palaeontological study, such as palynology, to interpret the thick sequences of fresh water sediments such as those in the Great Artesian Basin; she understood the opportunity for research on the Great Barrier Reef at a time when it was lauded as a great tourist attraction, but nobody had given much thought to the influence its study might have on the understanding of Quaternary history; she appreciated how to use the regional mapping skills of the Bureau of Mineral Resources as a basis for the reinterpretation of the geology of the State; she realised the need for a Palaeontological Association for Australia to foster the production of new work and the publication of the results in journals that were devoted to problems of Australian geology; and she quickly saw that collaboration with the European palaeontologists such as Glaessner, Öpik and Teichert, who landed in Australia in the 1930s and 1940s, would produce work that we could not otherwise have predicted. In these and many other respects she took a lead, thus expanding the main thrusts of her subject and giving rise to many opportunities for geologists to expand their interests.

She was undoubtedly a great lover of Australian universities, and the University of Queensland in particular. To many people it seemed she sacrificed a career overseas because she wished to see the Australian universities reach the forefront of academic achievement; and she spent a great deal of her life working towards this end. In doing this she was critical of the situation in Queensland that prevented the building up of the staff of the University to an international quality and size. Senior administration was in the hands of bureaucratic administrators who had no experience of world university standards. The replacement of senior administrative posts took a long time to achieve, and it took the efforts of many people to convince governing bodies that public service procedures were not appropriate for the administration of universities. Other aspects of the University marred her appreciation of its standards. Superannuation was entirely under the scheme of the Queensland Government and this could not be transferred on appointment elsewhere; nor could staff employed elsewhere transfer their previous entitlements into the scheme. This system prevented the recruitment of interstate and overseas staff. It was also discriminatory with respect to women employees. Women also suffered from the fact that they were not regarded as suitable for senior academic positions in many departments. Consequently Dorothy Hill sought to increase the impact of women in the University by encouraging women students to reach the highest levels possible in their work. Faculties such as Physiotherapy, which attracted many women students, were encouraged to develop high standards in their courses.

Background

Dorothy recorded that all eight of her great-grandparents were English villagers. She was born on 10 September 1907 to Robert Sampson Hill and Sarah Jane Hill (née Kington) in Brisbane, where her father was employed in a large city store. Her primary schooling was at the suburban Coorparoo State School. So far as is known, no other member of the family showed any interest in science.

What influenced her to become a scientist and a geologist? Her secondary education at the Brisbane Girls’ Grammar School (1920-1924) included mathematics, chemistry and biology. Physics was not offered at the school. Classics was an important subject, her study of which helped her in her later cultural life and in her research work. Among her school prizes was the Phyllis Hobbs Memorial Prize in English and History, and appreciation of these two subjects enabled her to enjoy many aspects of her later life. For example, the reading of poetry gave her much enjoyment, and gave her relaxation in times of stress. She also won the school’s most prestigious academic prize, the Lady Lilley Gold Medal, as well as the Sports Brooch for her sporting achievements.

From her school science courses and from her general reading, she learned that there were ample opportunities for a student to make original studies in Australia. Her first inclination was to study medicine, not to become a medical practitioner, but to be able to enter a research laboratory. At that time the University of Queensland had no Medical Faculty, and students had to go to either Sydney or Melbourne to enrol. Her sister remembers their father commenting privately to her that Dorothy, the third child in a family of seven, had an outstanding mind and would have a distinguished career. Despite this acknowledgment in the family, it was still impossible for the finances to support a medical course in Sydney. Fortunately, Dorothy won one of the twenty Entrance Scholarships to the University of Queensland , and she chose to enter the Science Faculty, particularly to study chemistry.

All incoming students had to study mathematics, chemistry, physics and one other subject. Dorothy had studied biology at school, and so she chose geology in an attempt to broaden her education. Immediately Professor H.C. Richards had an important influence on her. She records that he was a man of complete integrity, had a strong sense of humour, was sympathetic in his relationships with students, and able to be a leader in academic and teaching affairs. What won her into geology was Richards’ personality and his interest in developing a wide range of science. Under his guidance, she graduated in 1928 with a First Class Honours degree in Geology, and a Gold Medal for Outstanding Merit.

A second reason for her interest in geology was the opportunity to do field work. Although a city girl, she had a feel for the country, had learned to ride horses, and enjoyed the company of country people. She had country friends, including many people she had met at university. It was during a visit to friends at Mundubbera that she collected the corals on which she published her first Australian coral paper. Much of the field work for her honours studies in the Brisbane Valley was done on horseback.

Sporting and social life

At school, Dorothy was active in sport, particularly athletics. Hurdling was her forte. At university she played hockey with such success that she became a member of the Queensland University Hockey Team, became a Blue in Hockey, and was chosen for the Queensland Women’s Hockey Team. This was an important achievement because it opened up for her a range of social as well as sporting activities. She certainly enjoyed the social life of an undergraduate, and her private papers show how much she appreciated the student social swirl and the opportunity to meet a great variety of people on campus. Indeed the university was so small that she had friends in all the major faculties, many of whom she mentions in her personal papers. Especially she enjoyed the opportunity to mix socially with academic staff and their families, many staff being involved with coaching sporting teams and with dances and gala performances during the academic year. Field work also gave an opportunity for families to mix with students, and the wives of staff members accompanied student field excursions. She lamented that no contact of this kind occurs now, and in her view the students have thereby lost excellent opportunities to broaden their social lives and gain access to staff in an informal way.

She commented on the presence of radical students in the university – people who had a wide influence in the political sphere later in their lives. Despite these contacts she showed no signs of being involved in any political activities as an undergraduate. She also commented that when she was in Cambridge, the political left made an attempt to interest her in political issues from their point of view, but without success.

While she was in England, and had some independent income from scholarships and college appointments, she learned to fly, gaining an Air Pilot’s ‘A’ Licence. We have not found in any of her papers the reason for such an activity, but she later had an interest in car rallying, another way of releasing her physical energies. It is clear that flying was just another activity in which her independent spirit broke away from the normal routines of academic life. There is no evidence in her personal papers or from subsequent events that she had any further involvement in aviation.

Her interest in undergraduate sporting achievements continued throughout her academic career. From 1947 to1959 she was Patroness and Vice-Patroness of various student sporting bodies within the University.

Influence of Cambridge

Hill’s undergraduate work was of a sufficiently high standard to gain for her a Gold Medal as the most outstanding graduate of the year, the first time a woman gained that honour in the University of Queensland. It also won her a Foundation Travelling Scholarship to the Sedgwick Museum (the Geology Department) in the University of Cambridge for 1930-1932. Because she had done a year’s work on the basic topic of her PhD thesis before she went overseas, her supervisor assessed that she had already completed one of the three years necessary for PhD candidature. This work, started in Brisbane, was on the Carboniferous corals from Mundubbera, in the Burnett River Valley of southeast Queensland. Her main PhD work was on the Carboniferous corals of Scotland, and she was able to convince her supervisor that she had already put into effect all the preliminary reading for her study.

Her work in Cambridge left a lifelong impression upon her scientific and social life. In the first place she learned what were the qualities of an international university, and how a major library supported her research. Late in her life, she indicated that although she made excellent and helpful association with other researchers, the main value was working in the library of the University and in the Sedgwick Museum. The Museum Library was well maintained and had a large range of current literature. It was the advantage of having so much material on hand that gave her the impetus to put together a strong personal library and a strong departmental library when she returned home.

In the UK she found that much of the seminal work in her research field was being undertaken by two or three persons. The most important of these were Stanley Smith of Bristol, whose real interest was in the skeletal structure of corals but who also had an understanding of the relationships between the soft and hard tissues; W.D. Lang, whose taxonomic expertise was outstanding; and H. Deighton Thomas who understood the importance of extensive well preserved and curated collections for coral research. Lang and Thomas were at the British Museum (Natural History), in London. None of these people would have been regarded as being in the front rank of palaeontologists globally, but they set a pattern of investigation that Hill followed throughout her career. This made her work stately and meticulous, and left one feeling that she could be followed knowing that she had investigated details carefully.

She began to think about the problems caused by workers producing results from similar material but with different interpretations. How much of this was caused by misunderstanding of the structures being described? Thus she set about defining the structural details of corals in terms of tissue patterns and skeletal deposition, and produced a paper on the terminology of Rugose Corals (Hill, 1935). This was a major step forwards in the understanding of the group, as most workers have now accepted her views. Then, she began to think about the way in which coral structures were the outcome of depositional processes of microscopic features of the skeleton, and how these were formed from the soft tissues of the polyps. This began a series of works on fine skeletal structures and the way in which they were related to the septal invaginations or the basal plates of the polyps (Hill, 1936). This kind of work influenced her later studies, and those of her students. Although this work on crystal structure and skeletal features was begun in Cambridge, it reached fruition after her return to Queensland when she published a paper dealing with the skeletal growth of crystals in hexacorals with Professor Walter H. Bryan, who worked on the processes of crystallisation in igneous rocks (Bryan and Hill, 1941).

In Cambridge, her work was supervised by Dr Gertrude Elles, whose research was on graptolites. Along with Elles, Dr Oliver Bulman, also a graptolite worker, demonstrated how detailed morphology, on well controlled palaeontological sequences, could be made to reveal refined stratigraphic results beyond anything she might have expected. Although her work had nothing to do with the graptolite researches, their guidance on stratigraphic palaeontology was of value to her. Obviously her PhD work was well appreciated because in 1932 she was awarded the Old Students’ Research Fellowship of Newnham College, Cambridge, and in 1934 she won the Daniel Pidgeon Fund from the Geological Society of London.

Elles and Bulman worked on well controlled stratigraphic sequences in which a variety of fossil groups had given access to the general interpretation. Hill’s Australian work consisted of an interpretation of coral faunas from isolated limestones in thick sequences that had not been properly mapped, and from which other fossils had not been collected. This was frontier palaeontology, and she could not apply the principles of closely controlled stratigraphy to her work. Understanding the need to improve the geological mapping work in Australia, and the use of a variety of organisms for correlation, enabled her to see why a vast effort had to be put into Australian geology before European standards could be reached. Most European work on corals had been carried out on well mapped sections in which an understanding of sedimentary facies had been interpreted into the local stratigraphy. Little of this kind of work had been done in Australia, and she appreciated how much field interpretation had to be done to make her work on corals more effective. This accounts for her later emphasis on teaching students about the classical areas of study. American work was built on such classical bases also, but at least early in Hill’s research career, she seemed to have a European bias to her work because of her Cambridge experiences. This limitation was overcome when Professor John Wells of Cornell University visited Brisbane on study leave in 1954, during the preparation of the coral volume for the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. He worked mainly on the younger Scleractinian corals of the Mesozoic-Recent, whereas Hill’s work was on the older Palaeozoic representatives. The interaction of these two pre-eminent minds, coming from different backgrounds and with markedly different experiences of their science, enhanced the final product enormously, and made a real advance in the understanding of coral palaeontology. Not only were they involved with academic work, but they shared an interest in old cars. For Dorothy Hill, an Austin 7 was the epitome of the right thing in vintage cars, but we believe that John Wells would have preferred a De Soto. They became firm friends and continued to enjoy close collaboration long after the Treatise was finished. This was a very significant move for Hill, because in the 1960-1980 period, many American workers rose to prominence in coral palaeontology.

In 1971 an International Association for the Study of Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera was inaugurated, and Dorothy Hill was elected as the first president. This group resulted from the activities of Professor B.S. Sokolov in the USSR, Professor J.P. Chevalier in France, and Dorothy Hill. Also many American workers were active in this group, and foremost among them was William Oliver Jr., a student of John Wells.

Hill’s work in England brought her into contact with geologists and palaeontologists who set the tone of post-war studies in Britain. Friendship with such people enabled her to maintain contact with new developments and with opportunities for her graduates to visit Britain for postgraduate studies. Once she returned home in 1937, although she found visiting Europe very stimulating, she never wished to return to England to live. The reason for this is to be found in her deep love for Australia, and Queensland in particular, and her view that Australian universities needed to hold their successful researchers. She claimed that she did not feel isolated by living in Queensland, as she could get information by quick trips to Europe and by correspondence. She also learned to keep several projects operational at any one time, so that if there were a lack of literature or a failure to obtain specimens for comparison, she could change tack until the appropriate material arrived.

From a cultural point of view, Hill commented in an article written in the University News in 1976, that Cambridge reawakened an interest in music and drama, but that she came especially to appreciate the effect of architecture on the human spirit. From our personal contact with her, we conclude that these aspects of her career in Cambridge meant more to her inner life and personal development than she would normally reveal on casual aquaintance.

Return to Australia

After seven years in England, all of them spent in Cambridge, Hill began to feel that university life in the fens was too removed from the wider aspects of life she had enjoyed in Australia. Also, with her views on the research life of Australian universities, she felt that she must devote more time to research in Queensland. Professor H.C. Richards, when visiting her in Cambridge, indicated that he was keen to have her back in Brisbane. In 1937 he was able to use one of the new CSIR grants to fund her salary for a number of years. She notes in her personal comments that she ‘came back hot-footed’. The opportunity to work in Brisbane enabled her to develop several aspects of geological work that came to the fore later in her life.

As mentioned above, Hill realised that more basic work had to be done on local stratigraphy and facies. She appreciated that much work had to be done on the coral faunas themselves so that palaeontological workers could recognise the main coral units. Mapping was not one of the objects she could pursue alone, and in a country the size of Australia, mapping depended on the efforts of the Bureau of Mineral Resources and the State Geological Surveys. Consequently, her most outstanding contribution to science from the period after returning to Australia was her ability to put into order the known coral faunas of Australia and to use them to outline a wide-ranging stratigraphy. She published many papers on coral faunas from localities in all States except South Australia. Examine her bibliography for the years 1938-1943, and note that an enormous effort went into this basic taxonomic work. In these studies she used the methods she had developed in her PhD work, and the criteria used in the descriptions have become the standards for coral work around the world. All these papers provided a framework for the 1943 paper on the re-interpretation of the Australian Palaeozoic record. Although she realised that the understanding of coral faunas from isolated limestones in studying the regional geology left much room for later development, she felt that it was a necessary first phase in discovery of the elements of time stratigraphy in the large parts of the column for which only the most rudimentary knowledge was available. These publications drew attention to the quality of her work, her perceptive understanding of the fields of coral morphology, and the value of world-wide understanding of coral evolution to the interpretation of stratigraphy. Overseas geologists who needed to understand the stratigraphy of the corals they encountered in the field, sent specimens to her for examination. This work also encouraged Professor Raymond Moore, editor of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, to invite her to contribute to a volume on Coelenterata.

In addition to her research, she was asked by Richards to deliver lectures in palaeontology and stratigraphy. There were only three staff members in Geology at the University of Queensland at that time – Richards, Bryan and Whitehouse. Whitehouse had held the first Foundation Travelling Scholarship and Hill held the second. Thus the Department had staff of the highest quality, even though it was small. Hill clearly held her own in that company, and Richards saw that she would be a fine addition to the permanent staff when the opportunity came. Professor Thomis has commented to us that although the University of Queensland is seen as entering the world scene only in the 1950s, the Geology Department had set its foot on the ladder of international success in the late 1930s. This was largely the result of the forward looking approach by Richards who had chosen Whitehouse and Hill, outstanding researchers and good teachers, for the early appointments to his staff.

Student commitment and Moreton Bay

In addition to her research work, Hill immediately began to interest undergraduate students in the possibility of research as a career. It is difficult for us today to understand how badly off Australian science was in the late 1930s, because research was not considered a primary function of universities. At the present time our universities are being revamped by people who have a nineteenth-century view of teaching undergraduates, and we shall have a similar problem to tackle if we are not careful. To foster a spirit of independent inquiry among students, Hill set out to interest them in projects quite unlike those they encountered in student laboratories. She became involved with the Science Students’ Association, and encouraged a number of students to take up investigations into some interesting problems during the summer vacation. She saw this as a way of introducing students to field work and to the collection of data, as well as teaching them to write up results in an acceptable way. She was the advisor to several student trips involved with marine and geological studies in Moreton Bay. These activities declined after 1941 when the university was more concerned with wartime matters, but were revived again in 1946.

The results of these trips were written up as papers and were presented as bound volumes. Some items were of high standard and provided the basis for later work. Certainly, some well-documented collections from the sediment were studied in the laboratory, and provided opportunity for senior undergraduates to try their skills at interpretive work.

Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS)

Back in Australia, Hill had only two years before war broke out with Germany, and four before Australia was heavily engaged with Japan. She and her sister, Edna, were involved with a naval group serving in a mine watching role in Moreton Bay and the lower Brisbane River. It was suspected that Japanese planes were dropping mines in the entrance to the river in an attempt to stop the arrival of American supplies. New South Wales and Queensland had different railway gauges, and it was difficult to transport war supplies landed in Sydney to north Queensland. The shipping of American material into Brisbane thus became a major operation. Dorothy took on a more active role, after she came into contact with people who were working on cyphers in General Macarthur’s headquarters where she joined a group of civilian women, and became the officer in charge of a large number of undergraduates and typists. She also came into contact with Captain E.P. Thomas R.N. who was the naval officer in charge of the Port of Brisbane. He convinced her that she could do a worthwhile job in the WRANS and, despite her interest in getting her university work off the ground, she felt that she should forsake that task until the war was over.

She enlisted as a Third Officer in the WRANS and undertook training in Sydney and Adelaide. Subsequently she became an Operations Staff Officer and assistant to Captain Thomas. Her work included cypher and coding, accepting responsibility for the safety of shipping, and communicating with service personnel including commanders and ratings from Australian, American and British services. Her commander reports that she had the capacity to interact successfully with male servicemen, including people such as argumentative tug-masters, who usually did what was required of them without understanding the administrative control quietly applied. In one of her personal papers she comments that cypher work left her with time to visit the University, and allowed some time to think about geological topics. However, she comments that she worked up to 80-90 hours a week at her WRANS duties.

At the end of the war she served on the Demobilisation Planning Committee, being the representative of the Women’s Services.

Consultation with industry

On first returning from overseas, Hill made contact with people in government and private industry, and attempted to show them how historical geology could make a contribution to State welfare. She noted that almost all the chairs of geology in State universities were filled by mineralogists and petrologists, and that their courses concentrated on the ‘hard rock’ aspects of the subject. As a result, the coal, petroleum and gas industries were denied local graduates to join their work forces. Consequently she attempted to discover the areas where an immediate input of specialist knowledge would add to soft-rock resource development. She undertook work for fifteen oil companies exploring in regions where the geology was poorly known. Her knowledge of coral palaeontology enabled her to provide an outline of the stratigraphy from collections made by field geologists who needed to understand the broad geological relationships. One cannot point to the discovery of oil as the result of these investigations by Hill, but her contribution was made in an attempt to outline general structures on which further developments could take place.

It is interesting to read that in 1939 and the early 1940s she was in contact with the Chief Government Geologist of Queensland, asking that the collections of the Survey should be placed in a secure environment during the war. The information put together by many geologists should be accurately localized and held in useful form, even though access might be difficult. She also made herself available to study collections made by field workers in central and northern Queensland. In particular, also in 1939-1940, she did work for Shell Petroleum which was undertaking preliminary mapping and drilling work in the Permian of central Queensland. Reading some of her identifications of fossils makes one realise just how little was known about faunas at that stage. This lack of knowledge made it clear to her that she would soon have to get postgraduate students working on faunas that came from the abundant late Palaeozoic rocks. It was the common view that these rocks were the most likely to produce coal, oil and gas.

This work enabled her to see just where the major contributions to Queensland geology could be made. She also temporarily gave up her main work on Palaeozoic corals to do some original work on Permian faunas, particularly on those from Cracow, a mining town on the eastern side of the economically rich Bowen Basin (Hill, 1950). She quickly identified the gaps in what was known, and was able to guide students in the right direction. The late Palaeozoic palaeontology of Queensland had not been studied in any detail since the work of Jack and Etheridge (1892), and Hill’s observations showed that there was an enormous amount of work to be done. It is interesting to see, therefore, that her work for oil companies was not just a matter of specific identifications. Rather, she used her personal knowledge to equate a fauna at one locality with that at another. Correlations were based on her own experience, and it was this information that the companies wanted to have. Not that she made any money out of this exercise. The receipts for her work make fascinating reading at the present time when consultants charge as much for an hour’s work as she did for work that took months to complete. Her main object was to learn where the best problems were for her students. We are amazed at how much work she did for companies as part of her general work, because she must have been almost fully exercised by the teaching and administrative work she did in the University. A letter from one of her English colleagues mentioned that she had heard from Dr Deighton Thomas that ‘Dorothy had abandoned corals to work on Permo-Carboniferous faunas’. This gives a good indication of where her interests lay at that time.

Palaeontological research and applications after the war

We have previously given an account of how her work progressed up till she joined the WRANS. After demobilization she concentrated on the preparation of the Coelenterate volume for the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, which was finally published in 1956.

Following the discovery of archaeocyathid faunas in Antarctica, she began studying them using the methods she had evolved for understanding sections of corals. She attempted to reconstruct their skeletons in three dimensions, and to make models of the skeletons of these animals. Most of the current literature on this group was in the Russian language. She learned enough Russian to assimilate this work, and to develop an understanding of how the Russians viewed this enigmatic group of fossils. One of the highlights of her study of the Archaeocyatha, was her examination of the material discovered by the Trans-Antarctic Expedition. One of the members of this expedition was Dr Jon Stephenson, one of her former students in Queensland. The study of this material produced a memoir of significance. After publishing a few smaller papers and reviewing the whole group in Biological Reviews in 1964, she was asked to write the Treatise volume on Archaeocyathida, which appeared in 1972. She is the only person to have produced quite separate volumes on different fossil groups for the Treatise, and one of these groups is treated in two volumes. Her work for the Treatise is outstanding because set the standard for studies in the group for decades.

While immersed in this work, Hill took on the responsibility for visiting the field survey teams of the Queensland Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mineral Resources. In doing this she gleaned a first-hand knowledge of areas that had until then been unmapped, and she was able to help workers in the field with on-the-spot identifications. This activity supported her other main research interest which was to put together a Geology of Queensland, accompanied by a ‘one inch = 40 mile’ map of the State. In association with A.K. Denmead she edited the State Geology which was published by the Geological Society of Australia in 1960. This found favour with working geologists and it was widely used by exploration companies. She still maintained her habit of keeping up to date her record of geology as it was done, and her series of maps was a remarkable endeavour wonderful to behold.

Subsequent to this she returned to the study of corals and, because of her now senior position in the University, she was given the money to appoint a research assistant, Dr John Jell. She also attracted a number of graduate students who began studying newly-discovered coral faunas as well as late Palaeozoic brachiopods. These students penetrated the market for palaeontologists throughout the country, and had a pronounced effect on the economic and educational work done in Australia.

Importance of collections

Workers in the biological sciences know well the paramount importance of maintaining collections of specimens that stand as the reference points for future developments in that field. Scientists who are engaged in physical measurements of static objects, fail to see the importance of such collections, and in some instances the collections have been destroyed because they occupy valuable space. Professor Richards appreciated the need to maintain such material, and even in the early days of the Department, set up a small storage for specimens that had been studied. A standard reference collection of fossils is absolutely necessary for further research. Dorothy Hill began to build up fossil specimens from Australian localities as well as others from the type localities overseas. Where she could not find a specimen from the type localities, she would obtain a thin section of a specimen that would serve as a basis for comparison of Australian faunas.

In her reports on her activities to the CSIR in the first years after her return from Cambridge, one can see just how important the type collection was to her as she began to put together her first attempts at the Australian faunal sequence. The report for 20 October 1941 lists:

Total Coelenterate slides in department = 2,157

Total Coelenterate slides made by Hill = 1,002.

After the war Dorothy Hill convinced Professor Walter Bryan that the Geology Department should develop the collection more extensively, and have it curated by a person specially appointed to do the job. This was particularly important because her honours and postgraduate students were bringing in collections that had to be curated so as to provide a basis for later work. Thus began the large collection that has proved of great value to workers within Australia and from overseas. A Keeper of Collections was appointed, and he and Hill built up the collection, largely based on work done by the staff of the department and the large number of graduate students they attracted. The specimens were catalogued using the system Hill had found useful in both the British Museum (Natural History) and the Sedgwick Museum.

Her respect for the importance of type material is shown up by her work for the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Wherever possible, she described and illustrated primary type specimens from the type locality. This prevented any attempt to reinterpret the taxa in terms of extraneous material, and her pattern has now been used by other authors.

Undergraduate teaching

Hill was meticulous in preparing lectures and practical classes for students. Looking back from the present period, one can see how the presentation of morphological palaeontological and stratigraphic data was the controlling factor in her work. Most of her research was based on detailed stratigraphy, and as most of the early work was done on European sequences, she encouraged students to investigate classical European sections. To do this she required an investigation into their sedimentary patterns and facies. Her lectures gave little attention to biological function, to genetics, to relationships between organisms, to evolution, or to biogeography, but rather addressed the Australian stratigraphy and the solution of problems by the interpretation of fossils. This was to some extent unfortunate since biologically-inclined students were not attracted to courses that they regarded as orientated entirely to geology, and as a result the Geology Department lost some promising students. However in educating students to undertake work on the broad geological structure of the State, she was particularly successful. We both have friends who, undertaking work with a company as their first jobs, found that the undergraduate work they had done provided a sound basis for stratigraphic mapping. The results of these efforts were strikingly good and provided much information for the companies or the State Surveys, as well as providing interesting topics for further research work.

Hill’s method of supervising honours students were unique. She did not give any lectures, but provided intense personal supervision of journal reading, practical work and field results. Each student was visited each day for discussions of problems, new ideas were developed and new literature was introduced. In order to introduce students to members of staff in other departments, she successfully arranged for visits to discuss problems in their special areas.

In other respects she continued to emphasise the importance of sedimentation and facies in her lectures. Fossils recorded one aspect of a system of sedimentation that produced a variety of facies, and the whole system of facies had to be considered if one were to achieve an historical analysis of the region. This approach was of significance to Australian students who were working in sequences so different from those found elsewhere. For example, the Gondwana Carboniferous and Permian are grossly different from those of Europe and Russia, and yet the problems of correlation with those type areas were foremost in the minds of the students. On the one hand Hill emphasised the importance of being broad in the understanding of a problem, but she also kept stressing the need to be fully competent in the understanding of detailed aspects of the whole system.

Great Barrier Reef Committee

As one would expect, Hill was much concerned with the scientific study of the Great Barrier Reef. The Geology Department was already heavily involved, because Professor Richards was one of those who initiated systematic study of the Reef. One of his main concerns was to understand its origin and history, and he saw that the initial study should be undertaken by studying three transects, one in the north, one at the latitude of Townsville, and one off Gladstone. A new committee was set up under the guidance of the Royal Geographical Society of Australia (Queensland Branch), largely because the then Governor of Queensland, Sir Matthew Nathan, who was very interested in that Society, agreed to be the President. Vice-Regal support for the new group was significant in view of the lack of money for research. The extent of the financial problem can be seen in that after three years of working to raise money, only £5,318 was in hand.

Survey ships had occasionally been used to provide a base for making elementary geological observations, and for the collection of zoological samples. The first serious attempt to gain new kinds of data came with the Michaelmas Reef Boring in 1926. Then, largely as the result of British work, the Great Barrier Reef Expedition in 1926-29 (the Yonge Expedition) took place on Low Isles. This study occurred when Dorothy was an undergraduate, and it made a deep impression on her. The onset of the Great Depression did nothing to support the Committee, but by 1937 enough money had been raised to drill the Heron Island Bore. The coincidence of this with Hill’s return from her PhD studies in England was also fortunate, as she was the appropriate person to study the core in association with Richards (Richards and Hill, 1942).

The site of the bore was significant for further development of reef studies. Professor E.J. Goddard of the University of Queensland Zoology Department, tried to activate the Committee to develop a Great Barrier Reef Committee Marine Biological Station, but he died on Heron Island before the project was accepted. When Dorothy Hill became the third Secretary of the Committee from 1945-1955, she also actively supported direct research work, and great efforts were made to establish a small shelter on Heron Island for students and research workers. This involved raising industry money, transporting materials by Government supply ships, using vast amounts of personal work on carpentry, providing items such as a water storage tanks, and volunteer efforts during holidays on site in the Island. By the end of 1952, ‘the Committee had on the island a building that could be used by visiting scientists or students, or for stores for the subsequent buildings’. She put a great deal of effort into seeking a major grant to develop a larger research site on the island, and grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Australian Research Grants Committee eventually made it possible to build adequate accommodation for visiting scientists and students, and to improve the laboratory facilities.

After completing her term in office, Hill was active in developing a continuing geological, taxonomic and ecological understanding of the reef. She was a member of the committee, chaired by Dr M.H.C. Day, that investigated the setting up of an Australian Institute of Marine Sciences in Townsville. In 1975, a statutory body, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), was set up by the Commonwealth Government to administer reef affairs. By this time Hill had retired from her university post, and she was not involved significantly with GBRMPA. However she had let her views on the conservation and management be known widely, particularly in relation to the drilling of deep holes on the reef. Following Richards, she took the view that little would be known of the early history of the reef unless we had sedimentary cores from its base. She pointed out that reefs had been mauled by natural causes and their capacity to regenerate was obvious. In the Quaternary the sea level had varied by more than 100m, causing damage beyond anything the collecting of molluscs and the crown-of-thorns starfish could produce. Unlike some biologists, who thought that regeneration would not occur after damage, she stood by the empirical geological evidence that regeneration was common. What is more, she held that the reef was in no danger of being destroyed by current practice. Having taken this stand, she was out of favour with many fellow scientists, particularly biologists. She incurred the wrath of students who had no historical understanding of the reef processes, nor of the way in which sea levels had changed during the Quaternary.

One of the highlights of Hill’s commitment to the Reef, was the appointment of Dr W.G.H. Maxwell to a lecturing position in the Geology Department. His research was on the history and sedimentation on the Reef, and he attracted many students to study the sedimentary and biological processes operating on the Reef at the present time. Many fine papers were produced by this research group. Finally Maxwell published a well reviewed paper on the structure and development of the Great Barrier Reef in the volume of essays Stratigraphy and Palaeontology in honour of Dorothy Hill (1969). This set the outline for his definitive work, a book entitled Atlas of the Great Barrier Reef. These studies outlined the history, sedimentation and biology of the reef as they were then known, and it gave great pleasure to Dorothy Hill to see the work advanced to a level where it could be summarized and presented to the rest of the scientific world.

Her long final illness prevented Hill from seeing the results of the Bureau of Mineral Resources work on the geological evolution of the Reef. Much of this was done by seismic sections and bottom sampling, and more recently by drilling on the outer barrier, as well as by work in the deeper water by the Ocean Drilling Program. This has shown that the reef is much younger than expected. As Hill noted in her paper in Historical Records of Australian Science (see below), Professor H.C. Richards had indicated that one of the main reasons for setting up the GBRC was to discover information on the origin of the reef. She would be pleased to see the current work coming to a conclusion.

Dorothy Hill wrote a summary article on the Great Barrier Reef in the volume the Australian Academy of Science published on Captain Cook, Navigator and Scientist, edited by G.M.Badger. The history of the Barrier Reef Committee was written by Hill (1984) in two articles published in Historical Records of Australian Science, Volume 6 (parts 1&2). She treated her own work in a modest way, but it is significant that those who worked with her claim that her drive and enthusiasm as secretary of the Committee played the vital role in establishing the research base at Heron Island. Without the establishment of that base, the work on the Reef would have been much inhibited.

Palaeontological Association of Australasia

In Hill’s view, one of the main functions of teaching palaeontology was to encourage field workers to make good collections of the fossils they encountered, and to equip them to make first attempts at an identification of species and an estimation of geological age. Her own students were made well aware of this in their practical work, and at least some of them were able to improve their mapping by several orders of magnitude as a result of this training. To improve their performance further, she organized the Queensland Palaeontographical Society with the specific purpose of illustrating the main fossils from the stratigraphic periods in the State. This was done by asking researchers who were familiar with each period to list and photograph significant species and to indicate their stratigraphic ranges. A separate booklet was produced for each geological period, and booklets were made available through the Society or through the museums. A range of people, including amateurs, became more interested in palaeontology, and a considerable sum of money was accrued.

In 1968, specialist groups of the Geological Society of Australia began to appear. One of these was the Specialist Group in Palaeontology and Biostratigraphy. After a few years it became apparent that colleagues in New Zealand would welcome closer contacts with Australian palaeontologists. By this time, the main purpose of the Queensland Society had been achieved in its publications, and its committee began negotiations with the Specialist Group, asking that a new and wider-ranging society should be formed. The wisdom of this proposal was accepted by most members, and the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists was formed. The funds from the Queensland Society were used to found the Association, and Dorothy Hill made a significant personal gift to support it.

One of its Association’s objects was to publish a journal, now known as Alcheringa. The policy of the journal was to publish material of local and international interest from authors of any nationality. In doing this it fulfilled Dorothy Hill’s aim of making Australian publication good enough to serve the world’s needs. At present 21 volumes of Alcheringa have appeared. In addition, there had long been a need for monographic memoirs to bring out larger works, such as studies of faunas of significance, or of major groups of organisms. Twenty volumes of the Association’s Memoirs have now appeared. Hill’s students and colleagues have maintained the publication of these works.

Geological interests outside palaeontology

Hill had a concern to develop a geological history of Queensland as a major part of her contribution to geology. In particular, she wished to outline the stratigraphic and igneous histories, so as to provide a data base for a tectonic record of Queensland. Some of this work was extended to other States. Her basic knowledge was of immense value in this work, much of it having evolved from her work with field parties of the State Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mineral Resources. In at least some of this we can see the importance of her friendly co-operation with A.K. Denmead and N.H. Fischer, respectively directors of these institutions. Discussions with field workers attest to the strong influence she had on the various field parties. Not only did she allow them to get a better control on the stratigraphic order in their mapping, she encouraged them to appreciate the value of their work for the understanding of the evolution of the continent.

Despite these interests in Australian geology, she did not keep up with wider tectonic advances of the late 1960s and 1970s. Unlike many other Gondwana geologists, she did not grasp the many features of the southern continents that implied continental movement. On the contrary, she did not accept that the mechanism for continental movement had been adequately explained – a view perhaps inherited from contacts with geophysicists in her Cambridge days – and she still used local conditions to explain the distribution of corals and many Gondwana features such as the late Palaeozoic glacial deposits. As a result, she was not able to apply the results of global tectonics to her field and to palaeontological observations. This was very unfortunate, because she was thus not able to see how her work on Australian continental structure and the distribution of fossil faunas, could be interpreted in terms of a general tectonic theory. Her study of Queensland geological structure and her understanding of sedimentary basin relationships were well in advance of their times. However, her interpretation of their tectonic meanings remained in terms of 1940-1950 global ideas. Even in discussion, she could never conceive of the possibility of global tectonics being of value.

Publications

When Hill returned from Cambridge, she was depressed to find that many local scientists saw overseas publication as the best way of establishing a career in science. Certainly some aspects of Australian phenomena would be best published in Australian journals, simply because these studies had such a unique flavour that their conclusions could not be generally applied overseas. This included many geological, botanical, zoological and ecological investigations, that were of immense interest to Australians. This was an example of local culture being debased for no good reason, yet many people considered Australian publication indicated that the work was not in world class. The same kind of attitude is still present in that when scientists are asked to list the main publications in their field for formal assessment, higher ranking is placed on international journals because they are perceived as having wider exposure among scientists. Dorothy Hill considered that Australia should build up local publications that would give opportunities for work of major significance to be published locally. As a result of this approach, a large part of her work on Palaeozoic corals was published by the Royal Societies of Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia, and the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Her attitude was that if the work was of high standard, it would attract attention. She was also impressed with the idea that many publications required extensive illustrations, and that these would not be available in overseas journals. Such work should be published locally in the Museum Bulletins. In adopting this attitude she was correct, as her own work, published locally, was taken up by overseas workers.

This attitude led Hill to be a strong supporter of the Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, and from 1958 to 1964 she was its editor. Within the University of Queensland, she strongly supported the efforts by Professor Richards to establish Departmental Publications which were sometimes reprints of work published in local journals, but which also included papers published in their own right by the University Press. Hill used these publications for exchange purposes with overseas research organizations in an effort to build up the local libraries, as well as to inform the wider world of what was going on in Queensland. This was very successful and it provided a large number of reprints in the departmental library. In opposition to the views of librarians, she had local publications bound into a series of volumes on a variety of topics.

As indicated above, one of the greatest benefits of Hill’s PhD studies in England was her discovery of the value of a major library. When she returned to Queensland she had collected a large stock of reprints that enabled her to continue research, but she still found the University totally lax in its attention to its library: ‘the Senate thought that the Library was a shelf with a few books upon it. It was fatherless until Harrison Bryan and Greenwood got together’. This was in the early 1950s. Bryan, the then University Librarian, was the son of Professor W.H. Bryan, Head of the Geology Department, and he no doubt saw at first hand the advantage of Dorothy Hill’s interest in the Library. She accepted the opportunity to assist in developing the library for the benefits of all students and researchers, and gave a great deal of her time, money and administrative persuasion to build it up to its present high standard.

The Geology Department housed the Dorothy Hill Geology Library of the University, and it was staffed from the main library. Recently the University decided to house it with the other science and engineering libraries, and the whole collection is now known as the Dorothy Hill Physical Sciences and Engineering Library. Although her name is preserved, she would not have been pleased to know that the library, on which she expended so much of her own effort and planning, has now been removed from the Geology Department.

University administration

Hill was President of the Professorial Board of the University of Queensland in 1971-2. This was a difficult period for university administrations. First, many reluctant students were being enrolled for military service in Vietnam. This produced some violent activity on campus, some of which Hill had to face personally. Then there were members of staff who felt that formal university education required a new stimulus. Many meetings of staff and students took place, some of which were noisy and out of control. The formal structure of teaching and research was under attack by people who thought that the University should have a more open approach to learning. Much of this activity came from the Arts Faculty, but it took no account of the problems associated with teaching in science-based courses, much of which depended on formal practical classes.

With her views on teaching and research clearly defined, and with her approach of involving students in research efforts as soon as possible, Hill found difficulty in understanding what the protesters wanted. She also noted a strong feeling of anti-semitism on campus, and having been involved in a war that people had hoped would destroy such attitudes, she felt deeply depressed. She could never have found the work of administration enjoyable under these circumstances. Colleagues report that she claimed that, as with research, she required a concise account of the nature of the problems, a collection of information from whatever sources were available, an hypothesis for solution to be derived, a testing of the hypothesis, and a final solution as she saw it. She feared that mistakes would be made, but she also knew that administration had to make decisions, or an uncontrollable situation would develop. Finally she felt that all decisions could be reviewed in the light of subsequent experience.

The transparency of her attitude to the difficulties of that time were much appreciated by the majority of staff, and the Staff Association sent her formal thanks for her work. We have no doubt that dealing with ships’ captains during the war would have equipped her well for the task she performed.

After retirement

On retirement from her chair, Hill had many aspects of work to continue. In particular, together with John Jell, she had several postgraduate students from Australia and overseas who were working on Palaeozoic corals of Australia. This work was of great importance to her, as she thought that with the development of new techniques for stratigraphic correlation, the fundamental use of macrofossils was being forgotten. Among these students were nationals from China, Mianmar, USA and Australia.

She also felt that now was the time to put on paper histories of some of the organizations and subjects in which she had worked. The first of these projects was her Bibliography and Index of Australian Palaeozoic Corals, which was published by the University of Queensland Press (1978). As indicated above, she had previously published a chapter on Captain James Cook and the Great Barrier Reef, in the Academy of Science volume. This alerted her to the fact that the history of the Great Barrier Reef Committee had not been properly recorded, and much of the early work done by this committee was in danger of being lost. She expended much effort in researching the records and added her own personal knowledge to the study. This will remain a most valuable resource for future historians.

In 1981 she published a history of the Geology Department during its first fifty years. For those who came later, this is a remarkable outline of the development of a department in a newly formed university, and how it lived through the Great Depression and the two world wars. Those who were not involved with the organization learnt of the impact of Professor Richards on the Department and the University, the State Geological Surveys, the teaching programmes in the secondary schools, and other scientific exercises in the Commonwealth. Hill left no doubt that wider aspects of the scientific life of Queensland had been extended by the development of the Geology Department.

For about fifteen years after she retired she came daily to the University to work. She walked to and from home every day, trying to keep her health in good shape. Her friends from the staff ensured that her household was well supplied with daily needs. However she had a fall which caused her to be hospitalized. After a long period of recovery she had an occasional loss of memory and ceased to come into the department. Subsequently her health declined further, and she suffered a final stroke.

Dorothy Hill never married. The Hill family were well bonded and supportive of one another. For the last four decades of Dorothy’s life she and her sister Edna shared a house in Taringa, Edna suffering from a heart disease that required continual medical support. Dorothy took responsibility for caring for her. Nephews and nieces, whose families lived in the country, lived with their two aunts in Brisbane while they attended secondary school. Family responsibilities of this kind were accepted by Dorothy as part of the normal run of life until well after her retirement from the University.

Academic and civil recognition

Recognition of Hill’s research within Australia and overseas allowed her to assume a leadership role within the university community in Queensland. Professor Thomis, in his assessment of the graduates of the University, considered Dorothy Hill to be the most outstanding of them all. Subsequently he noted that the award of the Nobel Prize to Professor Peter Doherty would require him to rethink that comment. However he noted that Hill’s performance remained outstanding in that she led the University from the front during her whole time on its staff. Not only was she academically distinguished, she also took a leading role in its administration and development.

In 1956 Dorothy Hill was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. She spent time serving on Academy committees, becoming Vice-President in 1969, and on the death of Dr D.F. Martyn in 1970, she became President. She is the only woman to have occupied the position of President of the Academy. She did not seek re-election for a full term, as she was President-elect of the Professorial Board in Queensland. In addition she did not like travelling to and from Canberra for meetings, and she felt that travelling inside and outside the country on Academy business would mean that she could not give sufficient attention to academic problems and to family support in Brisbane.

The Royal Society of London elected her a Fellow in 1965. She was only the second person on the University of Queensland staff to be so elected, the previous one being Professor B.D. Steele, the first Professor of Chemistry. She had a high regard for Steele when she was a student, and comments that he was ‘an Olympian character’ in the University during the early days. In addition he saw eye to eye with Professor Richards in his views of what the University was all about. She saw her election to the Royal Society as a major step in continuing the work of Steele and Richards in establishing the University of Queensland as a place for research.

In addition to these achievements Hill won the Daniel Pidgeon Fund, the Lyell Medal and was made a Commonwealth Fellow of the Geological Society of London. She was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales, and the Mueller Medal and the ANZAAS Medal by ANZAAS. She was awarded the W.R. Browne Medal and was an Honorary Member and subsequently President of the Geological Society of Australia. She received the civil honours of a CBE, for services to geology and palaeontology, and an AC from the Australian government. The University of Queensland awarded her an Honorary Doctorate of Laws for her work in university administration.

Summary

Dorothy Hill made a broad contribution to science in Australia at a time when both university and government science were in need of considerable improvement, and the benefits of research were not widely appreciated among university administrators. She discovered the use of fossil corals in sorting out the correlations of Palaeozoic rocks in Australia, took advantage of the vicinity of the Great Barrier Reef for research, expanded the knowledge of stratigraphy of eastern Australia, and used this newly available information for a revitalized interpretation of continental geology. In doing this she gave great support to field workers and students in their studies, and to the exploration companies working on the coal, oil, and economic sedimentary rocks of Queensland. Finally, she set standards for the preparation of large volumes such a those in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, which were her major contributions to the study of corals.

Dorothy Hill died on 23 April 1997. She never sought publicity for her work, nor did she seek to make an impact on the wider politics of the country. In this respect she did not attract national interest. In her adult life she was never a person for social activity, nor was she out to draw attention to her field of interest through her contribution to the industrial outcome of her work, though this was considerable. Throughout her later life she bore the stamp of having reached adulthood during the economic depression of the late ’20s and ’30s. She always attempted to get full value for any investment of time or money into a project. One wasted nothing. In the latter half of her life she was concerned with supporting her nephews and nieces and her siblings, rather than seeking recognition for her work.

As a result of these attitudes, she was not widely known to the majority of Australians, though she contributed much more than many whose names are a byword. In her own right, she was known as an active sports person, a strong leader in academe, a powerful supporter of women’s educational rights, a keeper of intellectual truth as she saw it, a maintainer of academic merit, and a member of her nation’s armed forces. She took part in the education of a large number of students who supported her efforts to advance geology. These former students may be found in all aspects of the profession – scientific research, teaching, administration and economic geology. The extent to which she was appreciated is shown by the fact that three honorific volumes were published by her students in 1969, 1974 and 1983. To her colleagues she offered strong personal support and profound intellectual and lively criticism as required. For all these reasons, she was an outstanding contributor to national life, and she will be remembered by those with whom she worked as an outstanding contributor to Australia’s welfare. To her, that would have been the ultimate accolade.

About this memoir

This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, Vol.12, No.2, 1998. It was written by:

• K.S.W. Campbell, Department of Geology, Australian National University.
• J.S. Jell, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Queensland.

Acknowledgements

In preparing this memoir we have been assisted by Dr Peter Jell, who has read the text and has suggested several improvements. We have also been helped by the Librarian of the Fryer Library of the University of Queensland, and by Judith Gibson of the Archives of that University. Conversations with Ms Edna Hill, Dorothy Hill’s sister, have illuminated some items of family history. Professor Thomis has discussed with us several matters he dealt with in his book A Place of Light and Learning, the University of Queensland First Seventy Five Years. Mr David White allowed us to use the photograph in Figure 3. The portrait photograph shows Dorothy Hill as President of the Australian Academy of Science in 1970.

Biographical references

• Anon, 1960. Research Professor Dorothy Hill, DSc, PhD, FAA, FGS University of Queensland Gazette 46, 4-5.
• Anon, 1965. Special Note. Professor Dorothy Hill, FRS Journal of the Geological Society of Australia. 12, 167-168.
• Anon, 1988. Dorothy Hill. Australian Science Mag 29, 39-41.
• Denmead, A.K., 1969. Professor Dorothy Hill. In Stratigraphy and palaeontology. Essays in honour of Dorothy Hill, K.S.W. Campbell, ed., Australian National University Press, Canberra, v-vii.
• Denmead, A.K.,1972. Dorothy Hill. Earth-Science Reviews 8,351-363.
• Denmead, A.K., 1974. Professor Dorothy Hill, CBE, PhD, DSc, FRS, FAA In The Tasman Geosyncline – a symposium: papers read at a symposium in honour of Professor Dorothy Hill, A.K. Denmead, G.W. Tweedale & A.F. Wilson, eds, Queensland Division, Geological Society of Australia, Brisbane,
  1-2.
• Hill, D., 1981. The first fifty years of the Department of Geology of the University of Queensland. Papers Department of Geology, University of Queensland 10, 1-68.
• Gregory, H., 1987. Dorothy Hill. In Vivant professors. Fryer Memorial Library Occasional Publications 7, 51-58.
• Jell, J.S. 1997. Dorothy Hill. In McKay, J., ed., Brilliant careers, women collectors and illustrators in Queensland. Queensland Museum, Brisbane, 47-49.
• Jell, J.S. & Runnegar, B., 1983. Dorothy Hill, CBE, PhD,DSc, LLD, FRS, FAA, FGS Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 1, 9-15.
• Rurmegar, B., 1975. The message of Alcheringa. Alcheringa 1, 1-2.
• Sherratt, T., 1994. Finding life in ancient corals – Dorothy Hill. Australasian Science 1994 (summer issue), 64.
• Wilson, A.F., 1965. Research Professor Dorothy Hill. Newly elected fellow of the Royal Society. University of Queensland Gazette 58, 1-2.

Festschriften

• Stratigraphy and palaeontology: Essays in honour of Dorothy Hill.. K.S.W. Campbell, ed., 1969. Australian National University Press, Canberra.
• The Tasman Geosyncline – a symposium: papers read at a symposium in honour of Professor Dorothy Hill. A.K. Denmead, G.W. Tweedale & A.F. Wilson, eds, 1974. Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division, Brisbane.
• Dorothy Hill Jubilee Memoir. J.Roberts & P.A. Jell, eds, 1983. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 1, 1-371.

Bibliography

• Hill, D., 1930. The stratigraphical relationship of the shales about Esk to the sediments of the Ipswich Basin. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 41, 162-191.
• Hill, D., 1930. The development of the Esk Series between Esk and Linville. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 42, 28-48.
• Hill, D., 1934. The Lower Carboniferous corals of Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 45, 63-115.
• Hill, D., 1935. British terminology for rugose corals. Geological Magazine 72, 481-519.
• Hill, D., Butler, A.J., Oakley, K.P. & Arkell, W. J., 1936. Report of 'Coral Reef' meeting at Wenlock Edge, the Dudley district and the Oxford district. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 47, 130-139.
• Hill, D., 1936. Upper Devonian corals from Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 22, 25-39.
• Hill, D. 1936. The British Silurian rugose corals with acanthine septa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. B, 226, 189-217.
• Hill, D. & Butler, A.J., 1936. Cymatelasma, a new genus of Silurian rugose corals. Geological Magazine 73, 516-527.
• Hill, D., 1937. Type specimens of Palaeozoic corals from New South Wales in W.B. Clarke's First Collection, and in the Strzelecki Collection. Geological Magazine 74, 145-153.
• Hill, D., 1937. The Permian corals of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 23, 43-63.
• Hill, D., 1938. Euryphyllum: a new genus of Permian zaphrentoid rugose corals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 49, 23-28.
• Hill, D., 1938. A scientific expedition to Moreton Bay. Australian Journal of Science 1, 28-30.
• Hill, D. & Smyth, L.B., 1938. On the identity of Monilopora Nicholson and Etheridge, 1879, with Cladochonus McCoy, 1847. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, sec. B, 45, 125-138.
• Hill, D. 1938-41. A monograph on the Carboniferous rugose corals of Scotland: Pt 1, 1937 (1938), 1-78; Pt 2, 1938 (1939), 79-114; Pt 3, 1940, 115-204; Pt 4, 1941, 205-213. Palaeontographical Society, London.
• Hill, D., 1939. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, I. Douglas Creek and Drummond Creek, Clermont district. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 50, 55-65.
• Hill, D., 1939. The Devonian rugose corals of Lilydale and Loyola, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 51, 219-256.
• Hill, D., 1939. Western Australian Devonian corals in the Wade Collection. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 25, 141-151.
• Hill, D., 1940. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, II. The Silverwood-Lucky Valley area. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 51, 150-168.
• Hill, D. (Jones, O.A. & Hill, D.), 1940. The Heliolitidae of Australia, with a discussion of the morphology and systematic position of the family. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 51, 183-215.
• Hill, D., 1940. The Silurian Rugosa of the Yass-Bowning district, NSW. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 65, 388-420.
• Hill, D. & Jones, O.A., 1940. The corals of the Garra Beds, Molong district, New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 74, 175-208.
• Hill, D., 1940. The lower Middle Devonian rugose corals of the Murrumbidgee and Goodradigbee Rivers, N.S.W. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 50, 55-65.
• Hill, D., 1940. Geology of the Darling Downs. In Centenary Souvenir, Darling Downs, 1840-1940, Toowoomba, 25-27.
• Hill, D. & Edwards, A.B., 1941. Note on a collection of fossils from Queenstown, Tasmania. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 53, 22-23.
• Hill, D., 1941. (Bryan, W.H. & Hill, D.), Spherulitic crystallization as a mechanism of skeletal growth in the hexacorals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 52, 78-91.
• Hill, D., 1942. Further Permian corals from Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 27, 57-75.
• Hill, D., 1942. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, III. Burdekin Downs, Fanning R., and Reid Gap, north Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 53, 229-268.
• Hill, D. (Richards, H.C. & Hill, D.), 1942. Great Barrier Reef bores, 1926 and 1937. Descriptions, analyses and interpretations. Report of the Great Barrier Reef Committee 5, 1-111.
• Hill, D., 1942. Some Tasmanian Palaeozoic corals. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1941, 3-12.
• Hill, D., 1942. The Lower Devonian rugose corals from the Mt. Etna Limestone, Qld. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 54, 13-22.
• Hill, D., 1942. The Devonian rugose corals of the Tamworth district, N.S.W. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 76, 142-164.
• Hill, D., 1942. Middle Palaeozoic rugose corals from the Wellington district, N.S.W. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 76, 182-189.
• Hill, D., 1943. A re-interpretation of the Australian Palaeozoic record, based on a study of the rugose corals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 54, 53-66.
• Hill, D., 1947. Notes on the geology of the Noosa district, Queensland Naturalist 13, 43-46.
• Hill, D., 1947. Report on tabulate corals from Eildon Dam spillway, Victoria. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Victoria 16, Appendix 1, p. 41.
• Hill, D., 1947. Robert Logan Jack: a memorial address. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 58, 113-124.
• Hill, D., 1948. Notes on the geology of Somerset Dam. Queensland Naturalist 13, 90-94.
• Hill, D. 1948. The distribution and sequence of Carboniferous coral faunas. Geological Magazine 85, 121-148.
• Hill, D., 1949. Jack, Robert Logan (1845-1921). In Dictionary of Australian Biography, vol. 1, P. Serle, ed., Angus & Robertson, Sydney & London, 469.
• Hill, D., 1950. The Productinae of the Artinskian Cracow Fauna of Queensland. Papers Department of Geology, University of Queensland 3 , 1-27.
• Hill, D., 1950. Middle Devonian corals from the Buchan district, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 62, 137-164.
• Hill, D., 1951. Geology. In Handbook of Queensland. 28th Meeting, Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Brisbane, 12-24.
• Hill, D., 1951. The Ordovician corals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 62, 1-27.
• Hill, D., 1952. Some late Palaeozoic corals from Southland, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Palaeontological Bulletin 19, 18-25.
• Hill, D., 1952. The Gondwana System in Queensland. Report of the 19th International Geological Congress, Algiers, 35-49.
• Hill, D., 1953. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo region, Norway. 2. Some rugose and tabulate corals. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 31, 143-168.
• Hill, D., Tweedale, G.W., Campbell, K.S.W. & Hawthorne, W.L., 1953. Geological Map of Queensland, 40 miles to 1 inch. Queensland Department of Mines, Brisbane.
• Hill, D., 1953. Outline of the geology of Queensland. 5th Empire Mining Metallurgical Congress Handbook, Australia and New Zealand, 117-123.
• Hill, D., 1954. The care of type specimens. News Bulletin, Geological Society of Australia 2, 2-3.
• Hill, D., 1954. Coral faunas from the Silurian of New South Wales and the Devonian of Western Australia. Bulletin of the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia 23, 1-51.
• Hill, D., 1954. Devonian corals from Waratah Bay, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 66, 105-118.
• Hill, D., 1955. Contributions to the correlation and fauna of the Permian in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 2, 83-107.
• Hill, D. & Tweedale, G.W., 1955. Geological Map of Moreton District, S.E.Q. 6 miles to 1 inch. Queensland Department of Mines, Brisbane.
• Hill, D., 1955. Ordovician corals from Ida Bay, Queenstown and Zeehan, Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 89, 237-254.
• Hill, D., 1956. The Devonian corals of Reefton, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Palaeontological Bulletin 25, 5-14.
• Hill, D. & Wells, J.W., 1956. Cnidaria – general features. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F5-9.
• Hill, D. & Wells, J.W., 1956. Hydrozoa – general features. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F 67.
• Hill, D. & Wells, J.W., 1956. Hydroida and Spongiomorphida. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F81-89.
• Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Anthozoa – general features. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Caelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F161-165.
• Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Ceriantipatharia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F165-166.
• Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Zoantharia – general features. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Societv of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F231-232.
• Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Zoantharia, Corallimorpharia, and Actiniaria. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F232-233.
• Hill, D., 1956. Rugosa. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F233-324.
• Hill, D., 1956. Heterocorallia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F324-327.
• Hill, D. & Wells, J.W., 1956. Tabulata. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F444-477.
• Hill, D., 1956. Zoantharia incertae sedis. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and Universitv of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F477.
• Hill, D. (Wells, J.W. & Hill, D.), 1956. Ctenophora. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, R.C. Moore, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F478.
• Hill, D., 1956. Springsure – 4 mile geological series sheet G/55-3, Australian National Grid. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia, Canberra.
• Hill, D., 1956. The sequence and distribution of upper Palaeozoic coral faunas. Australian Journal of Science 19, 42-61.
• Hill, D., 1957. Ordovician corals from New South Wales. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 91, 97-107.
• Hill, D., 1957. Explanatory notes to the Springsure 4 mile geological series sheet G/55-3, Australian National Grid. Bureau Mineral Resources Australia Notes 5, 1-19.
• Hill, D., 1958. Introduction (An outline of the geology of Queensland). In Lexicon de Stratigraphie – vol. 6 Océanie – Fasc. 5 Australie – Fasc. 5 Queensland. Lexique Stratigraphique International – Commission de Stratigraphie, Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 9-12.
• Hill, D., 1959. Sakmarian geography. Geologischen Rundschau 47, 590-629.
• Hill,D., 1959. Distribution and sequence of Silurian coral faunas. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 92, 151-173.
• Hill, D., 1959. Some Ordovician corals from New Mexico, Arizona and Texas. Bulletin of the State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources New Mexico 64, 1-25.
• Hill, D., 1960. Geology as a subject for secondary schools. Australian Science Teachers Journal 6, 59-60.
• Hill, D., 1960. Possible intermediates between Alcyonaria and Tabulata, Tabulata and Rugosa, and Rugosa and Hexacoralla. Report of the 2Ist International geological Congress, Copenhagen, 22, 51-58.
• Hill, D. & Denmead, A.K., eds, 1960. The geology of Queensland. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia. 7, 1-474. [Chapter 1, Geological Structure, and parts of Chapters 5 Devonian, 7 Permian, 8 Triassic, 10 Cretaceous and 13 Upper Cainozoic were contributed by D. Hill.]
• Hill, D., 1960. Contribution to the stratigraphical colloquium. In Compte Rendu du quatrième Congrès pour l'avancement des etudes de Géologie du Carbonifère, Heerlen, 1958, vol. 1, Ernst von Aelst, Maestricht, 289-292.
• Hill, D., 1961. Geology of south-eastern Queensland. in Handbook for Queensland, 35th Meeting, Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Brisbane, 1-11.
• Hill, D., 1961. Circum- or Trans-Pacific correlation of Palaeozoic coral faunas. Proceedings of the Ninth Pacific Science Congress 12, 246-248.
• Hill, D., 1961. Contributions to Canadian palaeontology part I. On the Ordovician corals Palaeophyllum rugosum Billings and Nystopora billingsi Nicholson. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada 80, 1-7.
• Hill, D. & Wilson, A.F., 1961. Obituary notice – Richard Gradwell. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 1592, 146.
• Hill, D. & Maxwell, W.G.H., 1962. Elements of the stratigraphy of Queensland. University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1-71.
• Hill, D. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1964. Permian index fossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-32.
• Hill, D., 1964. Archaeocyatha from the Shackelton Limestone of the Ross System, Nimrod Glacier area, Antarctica. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Geology) 2, 137-146.
• Hill, D., 1964. The phylum Archaeocyatha. Biological Reviews 39, 232-258.
• Hill, D. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1964. Carboniferous fossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-32.
• Hill, D., 1964. Archaeocyatha from loose material at Plunket Point at the head of Beardmore glacier. In Antarctic Geology. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Antarctic Geology, Capetown, 15-21 September 1963, R.J. Adie, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 609-619.
• Hill, D., 1965. Archaeocyatha from Antarctica and a review of the phylum. TransAntarctic Expedition 1955-1958, Scientific Reports 10 (Geol. 3), 1-151.
• Hill, D., 1965. Determinations of Palaeozoic faunas.Bulletin of the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia 71, Appendix 2, 151.
• Hill, D. & Jull, R.K., 1965. Note on Campophyllum flexuosum (Goldfuss). Geological Magazine 102, 206-212.
• Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1965. Triassic fossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-32.
• Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1966. Jurassic fossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-32.
• Hill, D., 1966. Memorial Walter Heywood Bryan, MC, DSc 1891-1966. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 13, 613-618.
• Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1967. Devonian fossils of Queensland, Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-32.
• Hill, D., & Maxwell, W.G.H., 1967. Elements of the stratigraphy of Queensland. 2nd ed., University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1-78.
• Hill, D., 1967. Obituary Walter Heywood Bryan. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 78, 113-114.
• Hill, D., 1967. The sequence and distribution of Ludlovian, Lower Devonian, and Couvinian faunas in the Union of Societ Socialist Republics. Palaeontology 10, 660-693.
• Hill, D., 1967. Phylum Archaeocyatha Vologdin 1937. In The fossil record, W.B. Harland et al., eds, Geological Society of London, London, 341-345.
• Hill, D., 1967. Devonian of eastern Australia. In International symposium on the Devonian System, Calgary, 1967, vol. 1, D.H. Oswald, ed., Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 613-630.
• Hill, D., 1968. The earth beneath Queensland. Queensland Naturalists 18, 97-105.
• Hill, D., 1968. Archaeocyatha. In Developments, trends and outlooks in paleontology, R.C. Moore, ed., Journal of Paleontology 42, 1358-1359.
• Hill, D., 1968. Palaeozoic corals. In Developments, trends and outlooks in paleontology, R.C. Moore, ed., J. Paleontology 42, 1361.
• Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1968. Cretaceous fossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-35.
• Hill, D., & Jell, J.S., 1969. On the rugose coral genera Rhizophyllum Lindstrom, Platyphyllum Lindstrom and Calceola Lamarck. Neues Jarbuch für Geologie und Palaontologie Monatshefte 1969 (9), 534-551.
• Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1969. Ordovician and Silurian fossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-32.
• Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1969. Devonian corals from the Ukalunda district, north Queensland. Publications of the Geological Survey of Queensland 340, Palaeontological papers 16, 1-27.
• Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1970. Redescription of the lectotypes of the Devonian tabulate corals Roemeria infundibulifera (Goldfuss), Roemeripora minor (Schlüter) and Favosites goldfussi d'Orbigny. Geological Magazine 107, 159-166.
• Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1970. The Devonian coral fauna of the Point Hibbs Limestone, Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 104, 1-16.
• Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.), 1970. Revision of the coral fauna from the Devonian Douglas Creek Limestone, Clermont, central Queensland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 81, 93-120.
• Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.) 1970. A redescription of the holotype of the Devonian rugose coral Utaratuia laevigata Crickmay. Journal of Paleontology 44, 833-835.
• Hill, D. 1970. The Great Barrier Reef. In Captain Cook, navigator and scientist. G.M. Badger, ed., Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, 70-86.
• Hill, D. & Jell, J.S., 1970. The tabulate coral families Syringolitidae Hinde, Roemeriidae Pocta, Neoroemeriidae Radugin and Chonostegitidae Lecompte, and Australian species of Roemeripora Kraicz. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 83, 171-190.
• Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1970. Cainozoic Sossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-36.
• Hill, D. & Jell, J.S., 1970. Devonian corals from the Canning Basin, Western Australia. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Western Australia 121, 1-158.
• Hill, D., 1970. The fossils of Mt. Etna Limestone. In Mount Etna caves, J.K. Sprent, ed., University of Queensland Speleological Society, Brisbane, 37-38.
• Hill, D., 1971. The bearing of some upper Palaeozoic reefs and coral faunas on the hypotheses of continental drift. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 103, 93-102.
• Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1971. Cambrian fossils of Queensland. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-32.
• Hill, D., 1971. Tabulata. In McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 403.
• Hill, D., 1971. Heterocorallia. In McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 483.
• Hill, D., 1971. Spongiomorphida. In McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 9.
• Hill, D., 1972. Archaeocyatha. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part E, Vol. I (of 2), Archaeocyatha, 2nd ed., C. Teichert, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas, E1 – 158.
• Hill, D., 1972. Fossils. N.S.C.M. Geology Series, G14, Jacaranda Press, Brisbane, 1-91.
• Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1972. Permian fossils of Queensland. (Revised edition), Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-32.
• Hill, D., 1972. Edward Oswald Marks 1882-1971. Queensland Naturalist 20, 124-129.
• Hill, D., 1972. The scientific work of Martin F. Glaessner, palaeontologist and historical geologist. Special Papers Centre Pre-Cambrian Research, University of Adelaide 1, 1-11.
• Hill, D., Playford, G. & Woods, J.T., eds, 1972. Select bibliography of Queensland Fossils. Queensland Palaeontographical Society, Brisbane, 1-15.
• Hill, D., 1973. Lower Carboniferous corals. In Atlas of Palaeobiogeography. A. Hallam, ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 133-142.
• Hill, D., 1974. Carpentaria, Gulf of. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Macropaedia 3, 951-952.
• Hill, D., 1974. Coral islands, coral reefs and atolls. Enyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Macropaedia 5, 162-167.
• Hill, D., 1974. Eyre, Lake. Encyclopaedia Britannica 15th ed., Macropaedia 7, 125-126.
• Hill, D., 1974. Great Barrier Reef. Enyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Macropaedia 8, 299-300.
• Hill, D., 1974. Physiotherapy as a university subject in Queensland. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy20, 117-128.
• Hill, D., 1974. An introduction to the Great Barrier Reef. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Coral Reefs, vol. 2, A.L. Cameron, et al., eds, The Great Barrier Reef Committee, Brisbane, 723-731.
• Hill, D. (Jell, J.S. & Hill, D.) 1974. The microstructure of corals. Trudy Instituta Geologii Geofiziki 201, 8-14, 267-268.
• Hill, D., 1975. Australia-Queensland. In Encyclopaedia of Earth Sciences vol. 8, of World Regional Geology. Part 1, Western Hemisphere, R.W. Fairbridge, ed., Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, 56-61.
• Hill, D., 1976. A personal view of this University's history. Queensland University News 66, 2-3.
• Hill, D., 1976. The history and contemporary state of life sciences in Australian Universities. I. Geology. The Australian University 14, 84-98.
• Hill, D., 1978. Bibliography and index of Australian Palaeozoic corals. Papers Department of Geology, University of Queensland 8, 1-38.
• Hill, D. & Willadsen, C., 1980. Bibliography of Australian geological serials and of other Australian periodicals that include geological papers. Papers Department of Geology University of Queensland 9, 1-76.
• Hill, D., 1980. Coral bibliographies of some 20th century British geologists including their coral, biostratigraphical and palaeontological papers. Fossil Cnidaria 9, 27-38.
• Hill, D., 1981. Rugosa and Tabulata. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata, Supplement 1, 2 vols, C. Teichert, ed., Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Colorado & Lawrence, Kansas, xi+762p.
• Hill, D., 1981. The first fifty years of the Department of Geology of the University of Queensland. Papers Department of Geology, University of Queensland 10, 1-68.
• Hill, D., 1981. Select list of biographies and bibliographies of workers on the taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Palaeozoic corals. Fossil Cnidaria 10, 16-30.
• Hill, D., 1984. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, 1922-1982: The first thirty years. Historical Records of Australian Science 6, 1-18.
• Hill, D., 1985. The Great Barrier Reef Committee, 1922-82. Part II: The last three decades. Historical Records of Australian Science 6, 195-221.
• Hill, D., 1987. Edwin Sherbon Hills 31st August 1906 – 2nd May 1986. Elected FRS 1954. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 33, 291-323.
• Hill, D., 1987. Edwin Sherbon Hills, 1906-1986. Historical Records of Australian Science 7, 79-95.

Donald Metcalf was one of Australia's most distinguished medical researchers and is acknowledged internationally as the father of the modern field of haemopoietic growth factors. He defined the hierarchy of haemopoietic progenitor cells, purified and cloned the major molecular regulators of their growth and maturation, determined their mechanisms of action and participated in their development for clinical use in cancer patients. He received numerous awards and distinctions during his career, but was most pleased by the fact that his life's work improved human health.

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About this memoir

This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, vol. 27(2), 2016. It was written by Nicos A. Nicola.

Written by D. Hilton, W. Alexander and N. Nicola.

26 February 1929–15 December 2014.

Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more,
Or close the wall up with our English dead!
In peace there's nothing so becomes a man
As modest stillness and humility,
But when the blast of war blows in our ears,
Then imitate the action of the tiger:
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. 

— King Henry, Henry V (Shakespeare)[1]

Donald Metcalf – Don to most everyone with whom he worked – was a colossus of science who, working at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and supported by the Cancer Council of Victoria from 1954 to 2014, stood astride the world of haematology (the study of blood cells) for 60 years.

The achievements of Don, the scientist, are legion. Don introduced cancer research to the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute at a time when its Director, the Nobel Prize winner Sir Frank MacFarlane Burnet, viewed cancer as an "inevitable disease", with "anyone who wants to do cancer research, either a fool or a rogue".

Don politely ignored him.

Studying leukaemia in 1964, Don and Ray Bradley, from The University Of Melbourne, discovered it was possible to grow bone marrow cells in plates of partly set agar jelly. Don's genius lay not in this breakthrough, but in the realisation that it could be used to understand the cellular basis of blood cell production and to discover the hormones, which he named colony-stimulating factors, that regulate blood cell production in the body.

Don worked single-mindedly on this theme for the next 50 years. He characterised blood stem cells and their daughters cells, which are committed to producing the multiple types of white blood cells that fight infection and prevent bleeding. In doing so he made the blood cell system the 'poster child' of medical research and shone a light into the darkness for those who followed him to work on understanding other tissues such as the breast, skin and colon.

Don also understood his limitations. Although he was comfortable with cells, he was wary of molecules such as DNA and protein. Nevertheless, Don knew he needed collaborators who would take him out his comfort zone and help him fulfill his ambition of delivering health benefits from his discoveries and so he assembled a team of researchers who worked with him for 40 years. Don's ability to identify a glimmer of talent in younger researchers and mold them into a cohesive, loyal and vibrant team that consistently came up with groundbreaking discoveries, was remarkable. Decades ahead of its time, his model of collaborative, multidisciplinary science shaped the culture of the Walter And Eliza Hall Institute and is now seen as almost mandatory if big problems are to be tackled and significant breakthroughs are to be made in medical science.

After two decades of dogged progress, Don and his team succeeded in the Herculean task of isolating four of the blood CSFs, which were present in tiny quantities in the body. Despite Don's profound fundamental discoveries, which shaped basic understanding of how blood cells are made and work, he always recognised and espoused the responsibility of medical research to help those suffering illness and disease. Isolation and cloning the CSFs paved the way for their mass-production and clinical testing. Don found that injection of the hormones into animals resulted in a rapid increase in the number of blood cells responsible for battling infection and he surmised that they might be used to help cancer patients overcome one of the major side effects of chemotherapy: a loss of white cells and susceptibility to life-threatening infection. Don's hunch about clinical use was proven true – over the past 20 years, more than 20 million cancer patients, including Spanish tenor José Carreras, have been treated with CSFs and, as a result, have been given the best possible chance of beating their cancer. CSFs are now standard treatment and every year the number of people alive because of Don's work grows. There can be no greater legacy for a medical researcher.

Remarkable though his scientific achievements were – more than 750 scientific papers, 21 patents and receipt of almost every major international prize in medical research, they give only a skeletal outline of the man.

Don was practical – he eschewed the modern trend of senior researchers to move permanently from the laboratory to oversee a large team from the safety of an office. He was a man of scientific action. Many a young researcher was left with ears ringing after a spray from Don that would make John Kennedy senior's 1971 half-time grand final address to his Hawthorn players  ("At least DO SOMETHING! DO! Don't think, don't hope, do!") seem like polite encouragement.

Don was hard working. He led from the front and expected his team to follow. From the day he entered medical research, until he was diagnosed with cancer four months ago, he would begin work early, between 7.00 am and 7.30 am either doing experiments or writing scientific papers solidly until 5.30 pm; his only compromise being a lunchtime or mid afternoon finish on Saturday. Upon a new recruit starting in his unit, it was mandatory for them to meet with Don who, at least until the mid 1990s, would be smoking a cigar, and would lull you with a question like "have you had a good holiday" – inviting a response like, "yes thank you Professor Metcalf, I have had a lovely two weeks camping at Wilson's Promontory" – which was then followed by "excellent, that's the last holiday you will have for three years, get to work". And it was the last holiday you took, not because Don would stop you taking leave, but because his hard work was infectious and the lab would become your world.

Don was loyal. He was loyal to the Walter And Eliza Hall Institute – working there almost continuously for 60 years from 1954 to 2014, despite lucrative offers from all over the world. Don enjoyed the tyranny of distance, which he believed made it easier for Australian scientists to pursue highly original research, away from the latest trends and fads. Don was steadfastly loyal to the four directors, under whom he worked and sometimes disagreed. His attitude approached a US-style respect for the office of the President. Although deeply suspicious and somewhat intolerant of people he called "prancers" or "strutters" once you had proven yourself to be practical, thoughtful, reliable, hardworking and collaborative, you were 'in'. Being 'in' meant a draft of a scientific paper would come back from Don's office with more red ink than black type. It meant you could be mercilessly interrogated about your science during a seminar or excoriated over some minor antisocial laboratory behavior. Being 'in' meant you would be defended to the hilt in front of visitors or other groups. You became part of the team. There was no greater honour.

Don was human – he was no uncaring science machine. He loved banter over afternoon tea, often laughing until tears streamed down his face, at some silly anecdote or remark. He loved an annual week on the Sunshine Coast with his wife, which included body surfing, into his late 70s, on waves of any size. He enjoyed a meal and a glass of wine with friends. And more than anything he loved his family – his wife of more than 60 years, Josephine (Jo), his four daughters and his six grandchildren, meant everything to him. He knew, and often publicly acknowledged, that without them he would have achieved little of note.

Other than a bad back, which was exacerbated by endless hours, days, weeks, months and years bent at the microscope, Don enjoyed relative good health until August this year. Feeling under the weather, he went on leave hoping some time away from the laboratory would rejuvenate him. He returned feeling worse and was quickly diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Knowing the likelihood of cure was not high, his priorities were to undertake some treatment to give him a few extra weeks or months so as to avoid letting down his collaborators and, most importantly, to spend as much time as possible with his beloved Jo and his daughters – but how to do both of these things? The solution for the scientist and family man until the end – have his microscope moved into his home. Don performed his last experiment in October and died surrounded by his family on 15 December 2014. He would have wanted it no other way.

About this memoir

This memoir was written by:

• Professor Douglas Hilton FAA, Director of The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
• Professor Warren Alexander and Professor Nicos Nicola FAA, Heads of The Division of Cancer and Haematology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research

Notes

[1] This was one of Don's favorite passages, the other being Tennyson's The charge of the light brigade. Don's autobiography was entitled Summon up the blood: In dogged pursuit of the blood cell regulators (AlphaMed Press, Dayton, Ohio, USA, 2000. ISBN 1-880854-28-7).

Don Weiss was born in the Melbourne suburb of St Kilda on 4 October 1924 and died in Melbourne on 30 July 2008. He was educated in South Australia, at Scotch College, the South Australian School of Mines and Industry, and the University of Adelaide. 

He joined the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in 1948 and worked for CSIR and its successor organisation, CSIRO, until his retirement in 1984. He was the Chief of the CSIRO Division of Chemical Technology from 1974 to 1979 and Director of CSIRO's Planning and Evaluation Advisory Unit from 1979 to 1984. 

He was a highly imaginative and creative scientist whose work was always driven by his clear understanding of its application. He made important contributions to separation science but is best known for his contributions to technology for water and waste water treatment. His enduring legacy is the more than twenty MIEX plants that have been installed around the world.

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About this memoir

This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, vol. 22(1), 2011. It was written by Thomas H. Spurling, Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University of Technology.

David Craig was an outstanding Australian theoretical chemist whose academic life oscillated between Australia (University of Sydney and Australian National University (ANU)) and the UK (University College London). The Craig Building of the Research School of Chemistry of the ANU was named in his honour in 1995. He was President of the Australian Academy of Science from 1990 to 1994, and the Academy's David Craig Medal, which recognizes outstanding contributions to chemistry research, was inaugurated in his honour. His best-known research is in the fields of quantum theory and spectroscopy of aromatic molecules, molecular crystals, quantum electrodynamics and chirality.

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About this memoir

This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, vol. 28(2), 2017. It was written by Noel S. Hush and Leo Radom.

David Kemp's seminal contributions to molecular parasitology of malaria and scabies have placed Australian science at the forefront of research on these important human pathogens. Immunoscreening of expression clones led to the identification of several vaccine candidates against malaria. His contributions to scabies research are pivotal to our understanding of bacteria–parasite–human interactions. 

Other notable achievements are: the discovery of one of the earliest known multi-gene families; the first cloning of linked variable-region genes in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus; the invention of highly cited molecular biology methods, namely Northern blotting and inverted-PCR; and contributions to ‘molecular public health' by his work on various bacterial infections relevant to the health of Indigenous Australians. 

Kemp's manifest enthusiasm for science was highly infectious. He mentored many high-achieving scientists. In addition to his exemplary career as a scientist, he was a musician at heart and a passionate rock fossicker.

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About this memoir

This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, vol. 25(2), 2014. It was written by Kadaba S. Sriprakash, and Michael F. Good.

Roger V. Short

• Scientific achievements
• Reproduction in mammals
• Bibliography
• About and download

Colin Russell Austin, English by birth, initially graduated in Veterinary Science from the University of Sydney in 1936. The Second World War limited his career options, but he was fortunate to be employed by the CSIRO Division of Animal Health in Sydney. In 1954 he was invited to join the staff of the Medical Research Council’s laboratory in Mill Hill, London to study fertilization and early embryonic development in rats and rabbits. As a result, in 1962 he was asked to teach Fertilization and Gamete Physiology at theMarine Biological Laboratory,Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and subse- quently became Professor of Embryology in the Medical School at Tulane University, New Orleans. This alerted the University of Cambridge to his potential and they created a special Charles Darwin Chair for him in 1967. This enabled him to support the work of his young student Robert Edwards on human in vitro fertilization and embryonic development that culminated in the award of the Nobel Prize to Edwards and Patrick Steptoe in 2010. Austin also devoted a great deal of his time to editing the 13-volume Cambridge University Press series of textbooks, Reproduction in Mammals, completing the series from his retirement home in Buderim, Queensland in 1986.

Colin Russell Austin, known from childhood as ‘Bunny’, was born in Sydney on 12 September 1914 and spent his early days in India where his father, a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army, was stationed during the First World War. At the end of the war, the family returned to England and then emigrated to Australia when Bunny was 15. After finishing his secondary education he enrolled at the University of Sydney, where he obtained a Bachelor of Veterinary Sci- ence degree in 1936. Since veterinary practice did not appeal, he continued at University, completing a Bachelor of Science degree in 1938 and then working towards a Master of Science degree in Biochemistry that he was awarded in 1940. In that year, he became a member of the research staff of the Division of Animal Health of Australia’s Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR, later CSIRO), where he stayed on the payroll until 1954 except for a couple of years, 1941–3, during the Second World War when he was seconded to the Dried Fruits Section of the Council’s Division of Food Preservation and Transport, working on Army diets and nutrition. It was there that he met Patricia, a CSIR librarian, and they married in 1941. They had two sons, Mark and Richard. In 1947,CSIR sent Bunny towork at the Medical Research Council laboratory in Mill Hill, London, where he spent a year before returning to Australia. He clearly made a very favourable impression, because in 1954 he was appointed to a permanent post in the newly created National Institute for Medical Research at Mill Hill. In the same year, he was awarded a Doctor of Science degree by the University of Sydney for work on fertilization and associated phenomena in mammals. At Mill Hill, Bunny eventually became Head of the Laboratory Animals Division from 1958 to 1961. The Austin family lived in Hadley Wood, North London, for ten years, and it was during this period that his scientific career took off, building on the study of fertilization and early embryonic development in rats and rabbits that he had started in Australia in collaboration with Dr A. W. H. Braden. Between 1948 and 1956, Bunny published ten papers in Nature (8, 10, 15, 16, 21, 22, 28, 30, 39, 42), and there were more to follow. Perhaps he will be best remembered for his 1952 paper in Nature (21). He showed that neither rabbit nor rat spermatozoa can fertilize their respective ova without a period of maturation in the female reproductive tract, a process he described as capacitation. He also found the time to write a landmark book, The Mammalian Egg, summarizing all these early findings. This was published by Blackwell, Oxford in 1961. Bunny’s research in due course brought him transatlantic recognition. In 1962, he was made a F. R. Lillie Memorial Fellow and a member of the teaching staff of the Fertilization and Gamete Physiology Training Program at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,Massachusetts, USA, an appointment that lasted until 1968. For the first three years, he and Pat spent the months of June, July and August in that inspiring academic environment. But he also inspired those around him and so it was that he became Head of the Genetic and Developmental Disorders Research Program at the Delta Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana and also Professor of Embryology in the Medical School at Tulane University, New Orleans, 1964–7. The availability of primates enabled him to start working on spermatozoa in the epididymis of monkeys (104), the liquefaction of primate semen (106), the preservation of primate spermatozoa by freezing (107), the use of a rectal probe for electroejaculation of apes and monkeys (111, 114) and, most importantly, the use of human postmenopausal gonadotrophin to stimulate ovarian follicular and oocyte development in monkeys (115). So humans must be next on the list! Thus it was that his most important career move came in 1967, when he returned to England to take up a Chair that had been specially created for him at the University of Cambridge, the Charles Darwin Professorship in Animal Embryology in the Department of Physiology, together with a Fellowship at Fitzwilliam College. Here he was able to provide the perfect research environment for an up-and-coming young zoologist, Robert Edwards, who Bunny took into his department to develop, with his clinician colleague Patrick Steptoe, the contentious subject of human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer—work that would eventually earn Edwards the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Edwards and Bunny published their first paper together in 1959, on the induction of oestrus and ovulation in rats (67), but their most significant joint publication was in 1972 (131) on ‘Initiation of human development in vitro and transfer of early embryos’, presented at a UNESCO conference in Paris. In 1986, Bob Edwards had this to say of Bunny: ‘I would like to stress my own deep debt to him during themost difficult period of human in-vitro fertilization, when he was a clear thinking supporter of the work, prepared to defend it publicly when there were few others around’. This refers to the fact that several senior Cambridge academics, including a Nobel Laureate, were deeply opposed to human in vitro fertilization and would have torpedoed all the efforts of Edwards and Steptoe, had it not been for Bunny’s unwavering support as Charles Darwin Professor. Darwin would have been proud of Bunny! Bunny retired in 1981 and afterwards he and Pat settled in Buderim, Queensland. In 1987 he was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, a fitting recognition of a great scientific career. 

Scientific achievements

In 1986, Professor Ryuzo Yanagimachi, Professor of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology at the University of Hawaii and an extremely distinguished gamete biologist, summarized Bunny’s scientific contributions in the following words: ‘I, and I believe all reproductive biologists working on mammalian fertilization today, consider Dr Austin as the founder of the modern study of mammalian fertilization. Between 1948 and 1955, when he was in Australia, Dr Austin published 34 research papers on mammalian fertilization. His outstanding contributions to the field of mammalian reproduction are: the codiscovery of the phenomenon of sperm capacitation; the first description of the acrosome reaction of mammalian spermatozoa; the discovery of the zona reaction; and the first detailed descriptionofnormal andabnormal fertilization. Without the pioneering studies of Dr Austin we would be far behind where we are today in reproductive biology. If it were not for Dr Austin, the success of human in vitro fertilization, for example, would have been set back at least a decade, or perhaps never occurred. ’That is praise indeed.

Figure 1.Figure 1. Bunny Austin’s chapter ‘The Egg’ in Reproduction in Mammals, Second Edition, 1982,Volume 1, has on page 61 this beautiful drawing by John Fuller, taken from the frontispiece of William Harvey’s classic book De generatione animalium (1651). It shows the hands of Jove holding apart the two halves of an egg, from which are emerging a plant, an insect, an amphibian, a reptile, a bird, a ruminant and even a human being, beautifully summarized in the words ‘Ex ovo omnia’ that might have been Bunny’s motto.

Reproduction in Mammals

There can be no doubt that one of Bunny’s great- est achievements was as the Senior Editor and a major contributor to the Cambridge Univer- sity Press series Reproduction in Mammals that he and I brought together. When planning this series, we decided first and foremost to make the books highly readable to undergraduates, to intersperse the text with excellent illustrations drawn by our Cambridge colleague John Fuller and, if possible, to avoid using tables since these break up the flow of the argument. 
The first volume, Germ Cells and Fertiliza- tion, was published in 1972. The other volumes were:  2.  Embryonic  and  Fetal  Development, 3. Hormones in Reproduction, 4. Reproductive Patterns, 5. Artificial Control of Reproduction, 6. The Evolution of Reproduction, 7. Mechanisms of Hormone Action, and 8. Human Sexuality. These were all published between 1972 and 1980. To write the chapters, we hand-picked scientists from around the world whom we knew personally and we never had a refusal! Either Bunny or I, and sometimes both of us, had a chapter in each volume, thereby giving us a sense of ownership of the series. It met with a very warm reception from both teachers and students. 
Scientifically, however, things were changing fast, and so we decided to produce a completely new edition of Volumes 1–5 between 1982 and 1986, in response to requests from our readers for a more up-to-date and detailed treatment of the subjects. As a result, the volumes doubled in size and a few tables crept in, but John Fuller’s beautiful drawings continued to enlighten the text (Fig. 1). There were a few title changes, with Volume 3 becoming Hormonal Control of Repro- duction, Volume 4, Reproductive Fitness, and Volume 5, Manipulating Reproduction. Much of the work for the new edition was done in Australia, with Bunny now living in Buderim while I had moved from Cambridge via the University of Edinburgh to Monash University in Melbourne, meaning that we were still able to keep in touch. Appropriately, Bunny had the last word because he wrote the final chapter in the new Volume 5, which he entitled ‘Barriers to Population Control’—a prescient theme in a world in which human population growth is one of the major problems facing mankind. 

Bibliography

• Books (written)
• The Mammalian Egg. Blackwell Scientific Publica- tions, Oxford. (1961).
• Fertilization. Prentice-Hall Inc.,Englewood Cliffs, NJ. (1965).
• Ultrastructure of Fertilization. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. (1968).

Books (edited)

• Sex Differentiation and Development. Memoirs of the Society for Endocrinology No 7. Cambridge, at the University Press. (1960).
• Cell Mechanisms in Hormone Production and Action. Memoirs of the Society for Endocrinology No 8. Cambridge, at the University Press. (1961). With
• P. C. Williams.
• A Symposium on Agents Affecting Fertility. L. &
• A.Churchill, London. (1965). With J. S. Perry.
• Reproduction in Mammals. Cambridge University Press. With R. V. Short.
• Book 1. Germ Cells and Fertilization. (1972).
• Book 2. Embryonic and Fetal Development. (1972).
• Book 3. Hormones in Reproduction. (1972).
• Book 4. Reproductive Patterns. (1972).
• Book 5. Artificial Control of Reproduction. (1972).
• Book 6. The Evolution of Reproduction. (1976).
• Book 7.Mechanisms of Hormone Action. (1979).
• Book 8. Human Sexuality. (1980).
• The Mammalian Fetus in Vitro. Chapman and Hall, London. (1973).
• Mechanisms of Sex Differentiation in Animals and Man. Academic Press, London and New York. (1981). With R. G. Edwards.
• Reproduction in Mammals, 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. With R. V. Short.
• Book 1. Germ Cells and Fertilization. (1982).
• Book 2. Embryonic and Fetal Development. (1982).
• Book 3. Hormonal Control of Reproduction. (1984).
• Book 4. Reproductive Fitness. (1985).
• Book 5. Manipulating Reproduction. (1986).

Research Reports, Abstracts, Reviews, Chapters, etc

1. The clinical examination of urine. Lab. J. Aus-tralasia, June, pp. 1–14. (1941). With J. H. Rofe.
2. The thiamine (vitamin B1) content of the urine of Trichosurus vulpecular. J. Proc. R. Soc. NSW.,75, 118–121. (1941). With A. Bolliger.
3. The reproductive hormones: a review of chemicaland physical aspects. Aust. Vet. J., 17, 222–228. (1941).
4. The determination of carotene: a critical eval-uation. J. CSIR, 17, 115–126. (1944). With J. Shipton.
5. Endocrinology and animal production.Aust. Vet. J., 22, 48–54. (1946).
6. The metabolism of thiamine in the sheep. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 25, 147–155. (1947).
7. The effect of hexoestrol on the food intake of sheep. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 25, 343–346. (1947). With W. K. Whitten, M. C. Franklin and R. L. Reid.
8. Function of hyaluronidase in fertilization. Nature, 162, 534. (1948).
9. Phase-contrast microscopy in the study of fertilization and early development of the rat egg. J. R. Micr. Soc., 68, 13–19. (1948). With J. Smiles.
10. Number of sperms required for fertilization. Nature, 162, 534. (1948).
11. Fertilization and the transport of gametes in thepseudo-pregnant rabbit. J. Endocr., 6, 63–70. (1949).
12. The fragmentation of eggs following induced ovulation in immature rats. J. Endocr., 6, 104–110. (1949).
13. The functions of the endocrine system in preg- nancy. Aust. Vet. J., August, pp. 190–193. (1949).
14. The fecundity of the immature rat following induced super-ovulation. J. Endocr., 6, 293–301. (1950).
15. Fertilization of the rat egg. Nature, 166, 407. (1950).
16. Activation and the correlation between male and female elements in fertilization. Nature, 168, 558. (1951).
17. Observations on the penetration of the sperm intothe mammalian egg. Aust. J. Sci. Res., Ser. B, 4,581–596. (1951).
18. The formation, growth and conjugation of the pronuclei in the rat egg. J. R. Micr. Soc., 71, 295–306. (1951).
19. The development of pronuclei in the rat egg, with particular reference to quantitative relations. Aust. J. Sci. Res., Ser. B, 5, 354–365. (1952).
20. The development of the rat spermatid. J. R.Micr. Soc., 71, 397–406. (1952). With C. Sapsford.
21. The ‘capacitation’ of mammalian sperm.Nature, 170, 326. (1952).
22. Passage of the sperm and the penetration of the egg in mammals. Nature, 170, 919. (1952). With A.W. H. Braden.
23. Nucleic acids associated with the nucleoli of living segmented rat eggs. Exp. Cell Res., 4,249–251. (1953).
24. The distribution of nucleic acids in rats eggs infertilization and early segmentation. I. Studieson living eggs by ultraviolet microscopy. Aust.J. Biol. Sci., 6, 324–333. (1953). With A. W. H. Braden.
25. The distribution of nucleic acids in rats eggs infertilization and early segmentation. II. Histo-chemical studies. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 6, 665–673. (1953). With A. W. H. Braden.
26. Fertilization and fertility in mammals. Aust. J.Vet., May, pp. 129–132. (1953). With A. W. H. Braden.
27. The growth of knowledge on mammalian fertil- ization. Aust. J. Vet., July, pp. 191–198. (1953).
28. Polyspermy in mammals. Nature, 172, 82. (1953). With A. W. H. Braden.
29. An investigation of polyspermy in the rat and rab-bit. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 6, 674–692. (1953). With A.W. H. Braden.
30. Nucleus formation and cleavage induced in unfertilized rat eggs. Nature, 173, 999. (1954). With A. W. H. Braden.
31. Reactions of unfertilized mouse eggs to someexperimental stimuli. Exp. Cell Res., 7, 277–280. (1954). With A. W. H. Braden.
32. Time relations and their significance in the ovulation and penetration of eggs in rats and rabbits. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 7, 179–194. (1954). With A.W. H. Braden.
33. Induction and inhibition of the second polar division in the rat egg and subsequent fertilization. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 7, 195–210.(1954).
34. The reaction of the zona pellucid to sperm penetration. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 7, 391–409. (1954). With A. W. H. Braden and H. A. David.
35. Anomalies in rat, mouse and rabbit eggs. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 7, 537–542. (1954). With A. W. H. Braden.
36. The number of sperms about the eggs in mammals and its significance for normal fertilization.Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 7, 543–551. (1954). With A.W. H. Braden.
37. Fertilization of the mouse egg and the effect ofdelayed coitus and of hot-shock treatment. Aust.J. Biol. Sci., 7, 552–565. (1954). With A. W. H. Braden.
38. The fertile life of mouse and rat eggs. Science, 120, no. 3120. (1954). With A. W. H. Braden.
39. Polyspermy after induced hyperthermia in rats. Nature, 175, 1038. (1955).
40. Acquisition de la capacite fertilisatrice desspermatozoids (“capacitation”) dans les voiesgenitales femelles. In: La Fonction Tubaire, pp. 22–27.Masson et Cie, Paris. (1955).
41. Observations on nuclear size and form in living rat and mouse eggs. Exp. Cell Res., 8, 163–172. (1955). With A. W. H. Braden.
42. Study of fertility. Nature, 178, 185–187. (1956).
43. An attempt to produce the Hertwig effect by X-irradiation of male mice. Studies in Fertility, 8, 121–131. (1956). With H. M. Bruce.
44. Cortical granules in hamster eggs.Exp. Cell Res., 10, 533–540. (1956).
45. Ovultation, fertilization and early cleavage in thehamster (Mesocricetus auratus). J. R. Micr. Soc.,75, 141–154. (1956).
46. Effect of continuous oestrogen administrationon oestrus, ovulation and fertilization in rats and mice. J. Endocr., 13, 376–383. (1956). With H. M. Bruce.
47. Activation of eggs by hypothermia in rats andhamsters. J. Exp. Biol., 33, 338–347. (1956).
48. Effects of hypothermia and hyperthermia on fer-tilization in rat eggs. J. Exp. Biol., 33, 348–357. (1956).
49. Early reactions of the rodent egg to sperma-tozoon penetration. J. Exp. Biol., 33, 358–365. (1956). With A. W. H. Braden.
50. Environmental modification of oestrus in thevole. Nature, 179, 592–593. (1957). With H. Chitty.
51. Preliminaries to fertilization in mammals. In:The Beginnings of Embryonic Development, pp. 71–107. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Washington, DC. (1957). With M. W. H. Bishop.
52. Sec chromatin in early cat embryos. Exp. Cell Res., 13, 419–421. (1957). With E. C.Amoroso.
53. Fertilization in mammals. Biol. Rev., 32,296–349. (1957).
54. Fertilization, early cleavage and associated phe-nomena in the field vole (Microtus agrestis).J. Anat., 91, 1–11. (1957).
55. Fate of spermatozoa in the uterus if the mouseand rat. J. Endocr., 14, 335–342. (1957).
56. Oestrus and ovulation in the field vole (Microtusagrestis). J. Endocr., 15, iv. (1957).
57. Mammalian spermatozoa. Endeavour, 16, 137–150. (1957).
58. Capacitation of mammalian spermatozoa. Nature, 181, 851. (1958). With M. W. H. Bishop.
59. Research within the laboratory-animal division. In: Symposium. Organized by the Laboratory Animals Centre of MRC. Royal Society of Medicine, 5 May. (1958).
60. Permeability of rabbit, rat and hamster egg mem-branes. Exp. Cell Res., 15, 260–261.(1958). With J. E. Lovelock.
61. Some features of the acrosome and perfora- torium in mammalian spermatozoa. Proc. R.Soc., B, 149, 234–240. (1958). With M. W. H. Bishop.
62. Role of the rodent acrosome and perforatorium in fertilization. Proc. R. Soc., B, 149, 241–248. (1958). With M. W. H. Bishop.
63. Entry of spermatozoa into the Fallopian-tube mucosa. Nature, 183, 908–909. (1959).
64. Differential fluorescence in living rat eggs treated with acridine orange. Exp. Cell Res., 17,35–43. (1959). With M. W. H. Bishop.
65. The role of fertilization. Perspectives Biol. Med., 3, 44–54. (1959).
66. Presence of spermatozoa in the uterine-tubemucosa of bats. J. Endocr., 18, viii–ix. (1959). With M. W. H. Bishop.
67. Induction of oestrus and ovulation in adult rats. J. Endocr., 18, vii–viii. (1959). With R. G.Edwards.
68. Prospective experimental animals for medicalresearch. J. Anim. Tech. Assoc., 10, 1–6. (1959).
69. The mammalian egg. Endeavour, 18, 130–143. (1959). With E. C.Amoroso.
70. Fertilization and development of the egg. In:Reproduction in Domestic Animals, eds. H. H.Cole and P. T. Cupps. Academic Press; New York and London. 1st Ed.Chap. 12; 2nd Ed. Chap. 13.
71. Syngamy in a mammalian egg. Study by phase- contrast microscopy. Med. Biol. Illustr., 10, 62–63. (1960).
72. Fate of spermatozoa in the female genital tract. J. Reprod. Fert., 1, 151–156. (1960).
73. Capactitation and the release of hyaluronidase from spermatozoa. J. Reprod. Fert., 3, 310–311. (1960).
74. Fertilization. In:Marshall’s Physiology of Repro- duction, 3rd edition, ed. A. S. Parkes, vol. 1, pt.2, chap.10. Longmans, Green; London. (1960). With A. Walton.
75. Anomalies of fertilization leading to triploidy. J. Cell Comp. Physiol.,56, suppl. 1, 1–15. (1960).
76. Egg. In: Encyclopedia of Biological Sciences,ed. P. Gray, pp. 327–328. Reinhold; New York.(1961).
77. Significance of sperm capacitation. In: Proc. IVInt. Congr. Anim. Reprod., Hague. (1961).
78. Fertilization of mammalian eggsin vitro. Int. Rev. Cytol., 12, 337–359. (1961).
79. Sex chromatin in embryonic and fetal tissue. ActaCytol., 6, 61–68. (1962).
80. Evidence against participation of a jelly-spittingagent in sperm penetration ofArbacia eggs. Biol.Bull., 123, 470. (1962). With J. Piatigorsky.
81. Action of neuraminidase on Arbacia sperma-tozoa. Biol. Bull., 123, 471–472. (1962). With R.L. Brinster.
82. Relationship of fertilizin to the acrosome reac- tion in Arbacia. Biol. Bull., 123, 473. (1962). With J. Piatigorsky.
83. Passage of spermatozoa through the chorion of Ciona eggs. Biol. Bull., 123, 472. (1962). With S.D. Ezell, jr.
84. Axial body and filament formation in oystersperms. Biol. Bull., 123, 474–475. (1962). WithD. H. Spoon and A. Forer.
85. Introducing new animals to the laboratory. NewScientist, 17, 117–120. (1962).
86. Fertilization in Pectinaria (=Cistenides) gouldii.Biol. Bull., 124, 115–124. (1963).
87. Acrosome loss from the rabbit spermatozoon in relation to entry into the egg. J. Reprod. Fert., 6,313–314. (1963).
88. Sperm morphology of Emerita talpoida. Biol.Bull., 125, 361–362. (1963). With K. R. Barker.
89. Ultrastructure of Pectinaria gouldii gametes.Biol. Bull., 125, 364. (1963). With R. Lambson.
90. Fine structure of Nereis limbata spermatozoa.Biol. Bull., 125, 362. (1963). With J. F. Fallon.

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About this memoir

This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, vol. 25, no.2, 2014. It was written by Roger V. Short Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne.

J.N. Crossley, J.F. Knight and G.B. Preston.

• Education and career
• Work in algebra
• Work in logic
• Conclusion
• References

Education and career

Christopher John Ash was born on 5 January 1945 at Gorleston, a seaside town adjoining Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England. He was an only child. His father, Kenneth William Ash, was the middle of three brothers. The elder brother was a Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force who worked on rocket research and the younger was a Captain in the Merchant Navy. Chris’s father was Borough Engineer at Redcar on the North Yorkshire coast. His mother was Joan Evelyn Hadley, who worked at a Quaker school. Chris’s paternal grandfather was Headmaster of Middlesborough High School.

After starting school at Wilton House School, Redditch, near Birmingham he continued at Newcomen Primary School, Redcar, in 1953. At Redcar he joined the St. Peter’s Church choir, whose choirmaster was his music master from school. He loved the dressing up and the ceremony of church services. He lamented that when his voice broke he ‘was left with a rather feeble and inadequate tenor voice’ – a dubious assertion at best. Continuing his musical interests, he learnt to play violin, piano and cello, to which he later added recorders, clarinet and bassoon. Later still viola and tenor horn joined that impressive list. His love of music continued throughout his life.

From 1955 he attended Sir William Turner’s School at Coatham, North Yorkshire. He had taken the ‘eleven-plus’ examination a year early, as many bright children did, and he had the opportunity to become a boarder at York Minster Choir School. However, his parents decided, against Chris’s desires, to keep him at home.

In his first form in high-school, he was in the top two or three of his class of thirty. His English master in April 1956, his first year of high-school, commented ‘he must be careful of the inexact use of words’ – a recommendation which seems to have had effect, for Chris loved the exact use of words – in English or other languages – and he used words well.

When it came to entering the Sixth Form, he had to decide between Classics and Science. He certainly read and enjoyed classical literature, Greek and other, all his life, and enjoyed translating or debating Latin epithets. But he opted for Science as ‘more realistic’. He was surprised when his headmaster advised him to drop Chemistry and do Further Mathematics. However, Chris did hold his mathematics master, L. Page, in high regard and he followed the advice. For Pure Mathematics, in his penultimate year in high school, his other mathematics teacher wrote: ‘He has the ability and knowledge to be very successful, but he must guard against careless errors’. This comment apparently did not need repeating, as subsequently Chris was very careful.

Encouraged by his school he got a place at St Edmund Hall, Oxford and a State Scholarship. His undergraduate career in mathematics was undistinguished. He got a Second in Mathematics Finals, which was a disappointment to him, but it appears that he did not get much pleasure from the mathematics there. ‘The only lectures I enjoyed were those of Ken Gravett in Set Theory’, he has reported. Contemporaries in general would have regarded Gravett’s as the most entertaining and stimulating of all their lectures.

Singing flourished and, having sung in various choirs, Chris became a member of Schola Cantorum Oxoniense. This small group went on overseas tours including one to Italy and made at least one commercial record with Chris singing.

In 1966, he was awarded a (U.K.) Science Research Council award to do graduate study. By that time, Mathematical Logic was his preferred area of study. The subject had only recently been admitted into the advanced section (Part II) of the Final Examinations in Mathematics, but there was interest in the subject in Oxford, and it was increasing particularly among the mathematicians, with some philosophers contributing.

At that time graduate students first completed a Diploma in Advanced Mathematics (now renamed an MPhil degree). Ash worked under John Crossley, writing ‘A dissertation on constructive ordinals’. The importance of this enterprise for his future work is today apparent.

Ordinals are numbers which correspond to putting objects in order. Traditionally they are called ‘first’, ‘second’, ‘third’, etc. in English, but written simply as 1, 2, 3, etc… The sequence can be continued into the transfinite and extended to 1, 2, 3, …, ω the first infinite ordinal. After this, following the nineteenth-century notation of Cantor, one progresses to ω +1, ω + 2, …, ω + ω (which is written, awkwardly, as ω ⋅ 2), ω ⋅ 2 + 1, …, ω ⋅ 3, …, ω ⋅ n (for arbitrary finite n), ω⋅ω (written ω² ) and continues further through ωⁿ (n finite), then ω^ω. After this come generalized polynomials in ω, including ω^ωω ⋅ 2 + ω^ω ⋅ 3, for example. The generating processes for larger ordinals may be less apparent. However, the collection of ordinals is unending. ‘Constructive ordinals’ are those for which one can give a name, or ‘notation’, which encodes the construction process. There are different ways of presenting constructive ordinals (see e.g. Kleene [Kl], Markwald [Md]), but the actual ordinals notated are the same. The constructive ordinals play a fundamental rôle in all of Ash’s subsequent work in logic.

There is another noteworthy aspect of Ash’s diploma dissertation. While most students at this stage seem content to understand others’ proofs and explanations, Ash reworked everything. Chris always liked to be told what a theorem said and then to work out its proof for himself. This practice gave him a very deep understanding and enabled him to write up his work in an exceptionally clear fashion. This took a lot of work, but it also developed his insight and command.

In the 1960s, set theory, recursion theory and model theory were all rapidly becoming more sophisticated. In set theory, Cohen [Co] developed his method of forcing to prove the independence of the Axiom of Choice and the Continuum Hypothesis from the basic axioms of set theory. In recursion theory, the ‘priority method’ was being extended and applied widely, in particular, by Shoenfield [Sho] and Sacks [Sa]. In model theory, there were the notions of homogeneity and saturation, developed by Jónsson [J], and Morley and Vaught [M-V], and there were beautiful results related to ‘categoricity’, the deepest being due to Morley [Mo]. C. Karp [Ka] and others were investigating ‘infinitary’ logic, considering infinite conjunctions and disjunctions.

Recursion theory is the branch of logic dealing with computability and classification of sets, especially sets of natural numbers (or objects which can be coded by natural numbers). A set is decidable, or recursive, if there is an effective procedure for deciding membership in it. A set is recursively enumerable, or r.e., if there is an effective procedure for listing (enumerating) the elements. This method will be discussed further in §3.

Model theory concerns the relation between mathematical structures (such as orderings and fields) and formulae in a mathematical language. The usual formulae are finite, although in infinitary logic they are allowed to be infinite. A sentence is a formula in which all variables are introduced by quantifiers ‘for all’ or ‘there exists’. A theory is the set of all sentences (of the usual kind) true in some structure or class of structures. The models of the theory are the structures in which all sentences of the theory are true. Many of the early results in model theory were related to computability questions. Tarski [Ta] characterized the definable relations in the field of complex numbers, and in the field of real numbers, in the course of proving that the theories of these fields are decidable. By contrast, J. Robinson [Ro] proved that the theory of the rational number field is undecidable.

A theory with infinite models has models of arbitrarily large cardinality – obviously not all isomorphic. A theory is κ-categorical if there is just one model of cardinality κ, up to isomorphism. For example, the theory of the rationals under the usual ordering is ℵ₀-categorical. The theory of vector spaces over the field of rationals has infinitely many countable models but is κ-categorical for all uncountable κ. Morley’s Categoricity Theorem says that for a countable theory T, if T is κ-categorical for some uncountable κ, then it is κ-categorical for all uncountable κ.

The group of academics in logic at Oxford had interest in computability at least partly because of Graham Higman’s interest in the word problem for groups [Hig]. Gravett’s interest in set theory naturally led to an interest in the constructive ordinals, combining set theory with computability. But model theory also seized the group’s attention.

Ash was among a strong group of graduate students in logic at Oxford. Their interests were divided between model theory and recursion theory and there was a seminar covering topics from both areas. Ash took some time choosing problems for his PhD thesis. He had rejected a problem suggested by Crossley, his supervisor. Much later – in 1994 – he jokingly said that it had been a mistake to reject the problem, for his thesis took a long time to finish.

Ryll-Nardzewski [Ry] gave very simple criteria for a theory to be ℵ₀-categorical. However, as a matter of historical fact it was also the case that all the obvious theories which were ℵ₀-categorical were also decidable. It is easy to create an undecidable ℵ₀-categorical theory in a language with infinitely many relation symbols. Grzegorczyk [Gr] asked whether there was a theory in a finite language with these properties. Glassmire and Ash independently worked on this problem. Glassmire [Gl] was the first to publish a solution but Ash [1971] produced a construction ‘so simple that I could describe it in abstract’.

This formed part I of Ash’s DPhil thesis. Part II concerns a generalization of Boolean algebras to n-valued Post algebras. The work for Part II actually preceded that for Part I, as it was felt that such structures might lead to undecidable ℵ₀-categorical theories (in a finite language). In fact, they are decidable in a strong sense [1972].

In 1969 Ash’s DPhil supervisor (Crossley) moved to a Chair at Monash and Ash obtained a Senior Teaching Fellowship in Mathematics there. He continued work on his thesis. However, Oxford, almost without exception, requires a viva voce examination in Oxford. Consequently, it was not until 1972 that Ash obtained his DPhil. He took out his MA in 1970, but this is a mere technicality and did not require a thesis..His examiners were John Shepherdson (Bristol University) and Robin Gandy (then at Manchester University). In their report they noted: ‘… a bare statement of [the main results] does not give a fair idea of the excellence of the thesis. Firstly the material is beautifully presented – we have seldom seen a dissertation which was so easy to read. Secondly, the author always has complete command of his material. When he has occasion to reprove known results his proofs are pithier and more transparent than those in the literature. (This is particularly true of Foster’s theorem about functionally complete algebras; the original proof was extremely hard to grasp). He picks out just those results needed for his purpose; the examples (see particularly section 6 of part I) are happily chosen. Thirdly, he uses, with evident understanding, a much wider range of results and techniques than is usual in DPhil theses. (In particular, Rabin’s techniques for proving decidability – see [Ra] – are not part of the standard equipment of model theorists).

‘In his oral exam he gave an extremely interesting account of the way in which the work had developed. This made it plain that the thesis had more coherence than might be obvious at first sight; it grew from a wellorganised attack on the problem solved in part I. He also confirmed the impression given by the thesis that he was familiar with all the work, cited or not, which was connected with his own.’

On returning to Monash Ash was promoted to a lectureship (in 1973). Within a short time, two important influences had begun to shape his research career. One was a visitor. Chris subsequently wrote: ‘I was greatly encouraged during this period by a visit from Anil Nerode of Cornell [University]. His apparently limitless store of knowledge of Mathematical Logic set an example for me which I have tried (unsuccessfully) to follow.’ Most logicians would dispute the bracketed word. Nerode worked with Ash on some problems in what was to become Ash’s primary research area. Nerode, in the 1970s, was responsible for getting a number of people interested in an area of logic sometimes called recursive model theory. A more descriptive name, for much of the work, is computable structure theory. This was the title Ash used consistently for his grant proposals.

The other important influence was the great interest in the algebraic structures called semigroups at Monash. Gordon Preston, as Professor, and more especially Tom Hall, as colleague, got Chris interested in their work, and he eventually solved several important problems on semigroups.

Ash’s results in algebra will be discussed in §2. In addition to the results on semigroups, there are results in universal algebra, a subject which sits between algebra and model theory. Ash’s results in logic (after the thesis) will be discussed in §3.

In a memorial booklet [Mem] Gordon Preston wrote: ‘When he first arrived in Australia, about 25 years ago, he was still working on his PhD, a little unsure of himself both mathematically and personally. He was modest and retiring but quickly opened up and showed that he liked his new environment. He made friends easily. I remember him at parties playing the piano for others to sing to and singing along himself. I remember long conversations with him and enjoyed his extensive knowledge of English literature.

‘His mathematical talents developed initially very slowly. He took a long time to complete his PhD, partly because of his desire for perfection. His first research papers had a long gestation period, not just to polish, but to improve arguments, rearrange, and extend results. But in his final development, from this slow start, he became a major figure in world mathematics, with discoveries that will ensure that he is always remembered.’

He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1981 and eventually to Reader in 1986. Not long before he died he had been preparing materials towards an application for a personal Chair and these are the source of several quotations in this article. More importantly, they provide more insight into his plans than casual conversations have done.

During his career he had a number of research students: David Billington (now at University of Queensland), Ewan Barker (University of Ballarat), John Love (Omeo, Victoria) and Kevin Davey (now studying at the University of California at Los Angeles) who did Master’s degrees and Geoff Hird (currently at Odyssey Research Associates, Ithaca, New York) who did a PhD. All of these worked on aspects of computable structures.

Chris Ash was a private man who became more reclusive over the years. He had a small number of partners over the years but baulked at marriage. When he could be inveigled into a social event such as lunch or dinner he was always entertaining. If he could be persuaded to play the piano – or any other instrument, it seemed – he demonstrated a talent and great love for music. In possibly the last photograph taken of him, he is playing a piano duet with Alan Robinson (Syracuse University).

Ash’s career in the Department of Mathematics centred on his research. This grew and grew over the years. He was encouraged to put in for Australian Research Council grants but, until the last year or two, he applied only for small grants. These were used to fund visits of workers in his field. He also obtained visiting professorships in the US. In 1975–6 he visited Schmerl at the University of Connecticut (Storrs, Connecticut); in 1980–81 and again in 1985, Terry Millar at the University of Wisconsin at Madison and in 1987, Julia Knight at Notre Dame University (Notre Dame, Indiana). Millar and Millar’s student, John Chisholm, visited Chris. Yuri Gurevich from the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan) and Ted Slaman from the University of Chicago also visited Monash and talked or worked with Chris.

The work of Ash and Nerode was closely related to that of the Russian logic school at Novosibirsk, Siberia. Sergei Goncharov visited from there in the early eighties and he and Ash subsequently wrote a paper.

Most important among these connexions was that with Julia Knight, with whom he worked continually for nine years. At the time of writing, there are four joint papers to appear, and Knight is in the process of completing a book which Ash had started [1996].

In teaching, Ash took the utmost pains and gave lectures of exemplary clarity. He was not, however, an administrator. As his career progressed, it was expected that he would, in the usual way, do more senior committee work. In that context, the precision and possibility of getting things exactly right were not available as they were in mathematics, and this caused him anguish. How could he decide, with incomplete data, on the relative merits of incomparable candidates? He found this impossible and intolerable, sought guidance and seemed terrified of making a mistake instead of fearing the consequences of not making a decision.

One other factor made his final years increasingly difficult. His department had adopted a system of calculating points for work, which was intended to spread the workload evenly. Chris did not conform to the usual profile. He was unable to accumulate points through administrative jobs, and his enormous effort in research brought relatively few points. Unfortunately, Chris worried about this, and despite the reassurances of succeeding heads of department, it made him question his worth and justification. This was very sad because all but he could see what an asset he was. Even his election to the Australian Academy of Science in 1994 buoyed him up for only a limited period. At the very same time his research fecundity was growing ever more rapidly – and taking more effort.

He had medical treatment for his psychological state, but it is unclear how much this helped. Certainly he was disaffected by the side-effects of the drugs he was given. In February, 1995, when he died, he left a note in which he characterized himself as ‘too old and unattractive to carry on’. He was found dead on 16 February 1995. The coroner simply recorded that death was due to ‘acute...toxicity’ and that ‘no other person contributed to his death’.

Work in algebra

Chris Ash’s interest in algebra was already evident, at least from the standpoint of a mathematical logician, in his Oxford DPhil thesis [1972a]. Six of his later papers show his continuing interest in the questions he looked at in Part II of his thesis, Boolean extensions and Post algebras, for example his 1975 paper [1975a] and his 1986 paper [1986b]. In this work there was a merging of his interests in model theory, in what was possible in algebra if one restricted oneself to what could be effectively constructed, in universal algebra, and in the algebras underlying mathematical logic and their generalizations.

As mentioned above, when Chris arrived at Monash, he found a great deal of activity in semigroups, involving the regular faculty members and many visitors. This quickly attracted him and eventually he became a leading developer of semigroup theory, in particular solving three outstanding problems on which, prior to his solutions, numerous partial results had been obtained over many years. He brought to the solution of these problems a knowledge of techniques in model theory and in ordinal and cardinal arithmetic, his use of which continues to have a major effect on the development of semigroup theory. His first paper on semigroups was a joint one with T.E. Hall [1975c], and although they wrote only one other joint paper, this was the start of a collaboration, witnessed by the explicit attribution of results by each to the other, that continued for most of Chris’s life.

The first result on semigroups of Ash to appear in print was in the 1974 paper of W.D. Munn [Mun]. This is an example, of a semilattice (i.e. a poset [= a partially ordered set] in which any two elements have a greatest lower bound) that is, in Munn’s terminology, subuniform and dense in itself, but not densely subuniform. The construction involves a delicate use of order types and the proof that it has the properties desired is the central result of the paper [1977].

The paper [1975c] with T.E. Hall, already referred to, was an elegant contribution to the problem of determining what kind of poset can be (isomorphic to) the poset of J-classes of some semigroup. Hall had already in [Hal] shown, by an inductive construction, that any finite poset with a least element could be so realised, solving a problem posed by J.L. Rhodes in [Rh]. In their joint paper, starting from a poset P with a least element, they first construct an equivalent directed graph G = G(P), from which they construct an inverse semigroup S = S(G), whose elements are bijections between sets of directed paths in G, and whose poset of J-classes is isomorphic to P. That P has a least element is essential for this construction. As a bonus the construction also led to the discovery of a construction for congruence-free inverse semigroups.

The poset of J-classes of a semigroup does not necessarily have a least element when the semigroup is not finite, but it is always downward directed, i.e. given any two elements of the poset there always exists an element that is less than each of them. Paper [1979c] shows that any downward directed poset can be realised as the poset of J-classes of a completely semisimple inverse semigroup.

The crux of the solution to this problem is in [1979b], in which it is shown that if P is a downward directed poset, then there exists a full, uniform, P-semilattice. The concept of a P-semilattice is due to Ash, and the argument to establish the above existence theorem is complicated and subtle, requiring deep results from universal algebra and set theory. Paper [1980a] provides a corollary: it characterizes the lattices of ideals of a semigroup, including the empty ideal, as those lattices that are complete, distributive, and such that every two non-zero elements have nonzero meet and such that every element is a join of compact, join-irreducible, elements.

Paper [1979a] is an ingenious exercise in the arithmetic of order types constructing a uniform semilattice X such that the Munn semigroup T_X (the semigroup of all isomorphisms between principal ideals of X) has no chart. The chosen X is of order type λ + (1+λ)ω1, where λ is the order type of the reals and ω₁ is the first uncountable ordinal.

There is now an interlude of seven years before Ash writes again about semigroups, except in the wider context of universal algebra, but where the interest in the problems solved first arose for semigroups.

Paper [1980a] looks at when, and how, a semigroup S can be embedded in a semigroup T so that T has automorphisms extending (some) isomorphisms between subsemigroups of S. In particular, it is shown that an inverse semigroup S may be embedded in an inverse semigroup T such that every isomorphism between inverse subsemigroups of S extends to an inner automorphism of the form s ↦  g^–1sg, for some g ∈ T, with g^–1g = gg^–1 = 1. A second generalization, for inverse semigroups, of the Higman-Neumann-Neumann [1949] theorem on groups with amalgamated subgroups is also offered.

Paper [1985a] introduces an important new concept, that of a generalized variety. A variety is a class of (universal) algebras that consists of all algebras of a given type that satisfy a set of identities. Equivalently, according to the famous Birkhoff [Bi] theorem, a class K of algebras is a variety if and only if it is closed under the formation of morphic images, subalgebras and direct products. If L is any class of algebras, write P(L) for the class of all direct products of members of L, M(L) for the class of all morphic images of members of L, and S(L) for the class of all subalgebras of members of L. Then Birkhoff’s theorem states that K is a variety if and only if K = M(S(P(K))) or, omitting some brackets, MSP(K).

More recently, with the growing emphasis on finite algebras, especially in automata theory, classes of algebras have been studied in which each algebra is required to be finite. In particular, the finite members of a variety form what is called a pseudo-variety. K is a pseudo-variety if and only if K = MSP_f (K), where P_f (K) denotes the class of all direct products of a finite number of members of K. Not all pseudo-varieties are obtained by taking the finite members of a variety.

Ash’s concept of a generalized variety is what is required. Define the operator Pow on a class of algebras L by: Pow(L) is the class of all powers of algebras in L. Then a generalized variety K is defined to be a class of algebras such that K = MSP_f Pow(K). Ash shows that a pseudo-variety is the same thing as the class of finite members of some generalized variety. In addition, he establishes that a variety is a special case of a generalized variety but the converse is not true.

In the mid-1970s the following problem was circulating in Paris: what is the pseudovariety generated by the finite inverse semigroups? In 1985 (see his [1987b]) Ash showed that it is the class of all finite semigroups for which any two idempotents commute. This is equivalent to showing that any finite semigroup with commuting idempotents is the morphic image of a subsemigroup of a finite inverse semigroup. The proof brought a wealth of new ideas and ingenious techniques and his paper met with wide acclaim. [1987a] presents a special case of his result, the case when J is trivial, but which displays the principal features of the proof. Paper [1990a], written in conjunction with T.E. Hall and J.-E. Pin, gives applications of both the results and the methods used, to investigate recognizable languages associated with pseudovarieties of semigroups with commuting idempotents.

Ash’s final achievement in semigroups ([1990e]) was to prove the so-called ‘type II conjecture’. This had been around since the early ’70s and had attracted great interest and extensive publications had appeared, going part of the way towards its verification. [1990e] is the manuscript of a conference talk (July 1990) in which Ash announced that the conjecture was true and provided the bones of his method of proof. Full details are in [1990e], which also includes important implications of the result.

In his memorial message [Mem] Margolis wrote: ‘The group kernel K(S) of a finite semigroup S is the set of elements that are related to the identity in every relational morphism onto a finite group. The type II subsemigroup S_II of S is the smallest subsemigroup of S that contains the idempotents of S and is closed under weak conjugations: if sts = s ∈ S, then sS_IIt ∪ tS_IIs ⊆ S^II.

‘In 1972, Rhodes and Tilson [R-T] proved the S_II ⊆ K(S) and that every regular element of S that is in K(S) is, in fact, a member of S_II. This proved in particular that if S is a regular semigroup, then S_II = K(S). The type II conjecture was that this equality holds for every finite semigroup. Besides, its elegant formulation, the most important consequence of the conjecture is that membership in S_II is effective given the multiplication table of S, while that of K(S) a priori involves searching through the infinite collection of all relational morphisms from S to finite groups. The type II conjecture guarantees that membership in K(S) is decidable and many important problems in semigroup theory turned out to be reducible to the effective computation of this subsemigroup.

‘I was aware of the conjecture in 1974 when I was a graduate student at Berkeley. I believe it appeared in print in Semigroup Forum in the mid-70’s in an article by Rhodes that listed some open problems in finite semigroup theory. Not much was done on this problem during the ’70’s. The RhodesTilson article was long and difficult to read and the interests in finite semigroup theory had turned to the development of the new theory of pseudovarieties that had been developed by Eilenberg and Schützenberger to give a firm tie between semigroup theory and the theory of recognizable languages.

‘In the summer of 1980, Jean-Eric Pin asked me if the pseudovariety of finite semigroups generated by finite inverse semigroups was equal to the pseudovariety of finite semigroups all of whose idempotents commuted. After thinking about this for a few days, it occurred to me that this was in fact a special case of the somewhat forgotten type II conjecture! Furthermore, it didn’t seem at first to be much easier than the general case. I was preparing to give a survey talk on finite semigroups at a conference to be held in the fall of 1980 at the University of Nebraska. I thought that this would be a good opportunity to let people in inverse and regular semigroup theory help with a significant problem of finite semigroup theory. I reported the nature of the type II conjecture at the conference and explicitly asked about the question raised by Pin.

‘Luckily, Tom Hall was in the audience and perceived that this was indeed a nontrivial and interesting problem. We were all rewarded in 1985 when Chris confirmed that the Pin question was answered in the affirmative in a brilliant piece of work. The difficulty, of course, lay with the non-regular elements of a finite semigroup, as the regular ones had been handled by Rhodes and Tilson. Chris was able to handle the non-regular elements by using Ramsey’s Theorem. This result in itself led to a number of breakthroughs in this and related theories.

‘Some progress was made on the general problem in the late 80’s. After hearing Tom Hall give a wonderful lecture on Chris’s results at Chico, Rhodes, Birget and I were able to extend the result to proving the type II conjecture in the case that the idempotents of S were a subsemigroup. Tilson, inspired by the result of Chris, gave a new easily understandable proof of the RhodesTilson result on regular elements, which cleared up the connection between weak conjugation and inverse semigroups. This proof indicated heavily that inverse semigroups and Ramsey theory should be the ingredients necessary to prove the general type II conjecture. In the late 80’s Rhodes and Henckell [He] developed a number of new techniques and reduced the type II conjecture to the case of block groups, semigroups whose regular principal factors are Brandt semigroups.

‘In 1990, I came to Monash to attend the Preston retirement conference. I explained these latest developments to Tom and Chris as best I could. During that week before the conference, Chris was able to complete his proof of the type II conjecture. It is a masterpiece. He was actually able to prove much more than the type II conjecture, with a brilliantly conceived generalization of the basic notions. In fact, these improvements were crucial for some of the deepest applications of his work. In fact, the Rhodes type II conjecture follows by applying the generalization to a graph with only one vertex and one arrow!’

The papers on the Type II conjecture were greeted with great excitement when they appeared and they were quickly followed by an explosion of research exploring the deep consequences of both Ash’s theorem and the new techniques he developed. The interested reader can find a good account of some of these consequences in [1990a], [1990e] and [1991b].

Work in logic

In logic, at first Ash worked on miscellaneous problems. From [1981a], joint with Nerode, he developed his own programme of research, but he continued working on miscellaneous problems from time to time. This work was often done in response to the challenges of various logicians, just as the work on semigroups was done in response to the challenges of Tom Hall and other semigroup theorists.

We have already discussed Ash’s thesis. Our discussion of the work Ash did in logic after that is divided into two parts. We begin with the results on miscellaneous problems and then we describe the main programme. The classification is not sharp, of course.

3.1 Miscellaneous problems

In [1975b], Ash showed that, assuming the Axiom of Choice, the additive groups of real numbers and complex numbers are isomorphic, and that without the Axiom of Choice, they need not be. Continuing this line of thought in [1983a], he showed that many of the standard consequences of the axiom of choice can be expressed in a modeltheoretic way by looking at the infinitary sentences associated with the model. Indeed, he provided a uniform method for establishing the independence of such forms of the axiom of choice.

In his [1975d] Ash characterized the languages in which every sentence which has a model has a finite model, and those in which every universal sentence which has a model has a finite model. (A universal sentence consists of a string of ‘for all’ quantifiers, with no quantifier later.)

Chris liked working on famous hard problems. In [1994a], he recorded his efforts on one such problem, the spectrum problem. The spectrum of a sentence is the set of sizes of finite models of the sentence, and the problem, still open, asks whether the complement of a spectrum is necessarily a spectrum. In attempting to give an affirmative answer, Chris reduced the problem to another statement, conjectured true.

Another famous open problem is the conjecture P ≠ NP, where P is the collection of functions computable in polynomial time by a deterministic machine, and NP refers to the collection of functions computable in polynomial time by a non-deterministic machine (a lucky guess yields a fast computation, while other guesses might not). Chris spent a great deal of time trying to prove that P ≠ NP, until he finally convinced himself that the problem was pure combinatorics.

The most famous problem in model theory is Vaught’s Conjecture, saying that for a countable complete theory T, the number of countable models (up to isomorphism) is either ≤ ℵ₀ or 2^ℵ₀ . Ash had worked on Vaught’s Conjecture early in his career. The little result he obtained is in [1994c]. Unknown to Ash, the referee and the editor, Vaught had proved the result himself, and it had been used in a paper of Shelah [She, p.560].

Ash worked with J.W. Rosenthal on some computability questions in concrete algebraic settings. In [1980b], they showed that the theory of the complex number field with a binary relation for algebraic dependence of pairs is undecidable. In [1986b], they used some differential algebra to obtain a result on algebraically closed fields, saying that for recursive fields F and G of finite transcendence degree, given transcendence bases for F and G, one can effectively determine the transcendence degree of F ∩ G. In [1981b], Ash and Nerode showed the non-functorial nature of the notions of ‘algebraic closure’ and ‘Skolemization’.

As we said earlier, recursion theory involves classifying sets in terms of computability properties. There are different ways to do this. We can classify arbitrary sets of numbers by Turing degree. For sets X and Y, Y is said to be Turing reducible to X (for Alan Turing) if there is an effective procedure for determining membership in Y given answers to questions about membership in X. If the sets X and Y are each reducible to the other, then they are said to be Turing equivalent, or to have the same Turing degree. Sets and relations which admit some kind of effective approximation are classified by level (a constructive ordinal) in the hyperarithmetical hierarchy. This hierarchy begins with the recursive sets and relations. Then come the projections of recursive relations, called Σ01 (these are the same as the recursively enumerable or r.e. sets), and the complements of Σ0 1 relations, called Π0 1 . After that come the projections of Π0 1 relations, called Σ0 1 and their complements, called Π0 1 , and so on. At level ω, one chooses a family of sets running through the lower levels, takes the limit, and begins again with the relations which are recursive relative to this limit. The projections of these are Σ0 ω, the complements of Σ0 ω relations are Π0 ω, etc. For other constructive limit ordinals α, the process is as for ω. A relation which is both Σ0 α and Π0 α is said to be ∆0 α. The arithmetical sets and relations are those at finite levels; i.e. ∆0 n for some finite n.

Terry Millar of the University of Wisconsin-Madison was a research student of Anil Nerode. He and Chris visited each other several times over a fourteen-year period. Although they collaborated on a number of topics that grew into subsequent papers or dissertations of their respective students, they only published one coauthored paper [1983b] together.

Vaught proved that no complete theory could have exactly two countable models up to isomorphism. Ehrenfeucht produced an example of a complete theory with exactly three countable models up to isomorphism. Complete theories with more than one but only finitely many countable models up to isomorphism are now called ‘Ehrenfeucht theories’. Lachlan and Morley answered a question of Nerode’s by showing that there exist decidable Ehrenfeucht theories with undecidable countable models. Millar later showed that the Turing degrees of such models in fact were unbounded in the hyperarithmetic hierarchy. However, all of the known examples at that time depended on producing models with finitely many elements whose behaviour was computably complex. Ash and Millar, in their [1983b], proved that for a broad class of arithmetic Ehrenfeucht theories, any model with computationally ‘simple’ (arithmetic) finite tuples of elements must be arithmetic.

In his [1984] with Rod Downey, who had been a research student at Monash, he considered the lattice of r.e. subspaces of a recursive vector space. A subspace is said to be decidable if we can determine dependence over it. Ash and Downey showed that every r.e. subspace is a direct sum of two decidable subspaces, so the theory of the partially-ordered set of decidable subspaces is undecidable. They also gave other results on the Turing degrees of r.e. subspaces.

[1990b] was written with C.G. Jockusch and J.F. Knight. The notion of ‘jump degree’ was due to Jockusch. The results here continue work in an earlier paper of Knight. Ash was intrigued by some ideas [1990b], although he felt that the proofs which Knight gave for certain results called for reworking. This paper led to [1990c] and [1991a] (see below).

In [1992b], Ash considered generalizations of ‘enumeration reducibility’, at arbitrary levels of the hyperarithmetical hierarchy. The paper involved an interesting kind of forcing, with conditions which, although finite, carry infinite information. This paper led to [1994f].

3.2 The main programme

Chris Ash said that the way to find the ‘right’ proof of a given result was to generalize the result. Ash generalized repeatedly certain results of Goncharov and his own results with Nerode [1981a], until the generalizations grew into an elaborate programme of research in recursive model theory, including powerful new technology for nested priority constructions, the isolation of certain classes of infinitary formulae, and, for applications, the calculation of ‘back and forth’ relations for various kinds of structures.

The problems in the programme call for syntactical conditions to account for limitations on recursive complexity which persist in all recursive copies of a given structure. A structure is recursive if the satisfaction of atomic formulae is decidable. Ash’s programme grew from the three problems stated below:

Problem 1. Let A be a recursive structure, and let R be a further relation on A. When is there an isomorphism f from A onto a recursive B such that f(R) is not recursive? If there is no such f, i.e. if f(R) is always recursive in recursive copies, then R is said to be intrinsically recursive on A.

Problem 2. Let A be a recursive structure. When is there a recursive copy B with no recursive isomorphism from A onto B. If there is no such B, i.e. if for every recursive copy of A, there is a recursive isomorphism, then A is said to be recursively categorical.

Problem 3. Let A be a recursive structure. When is there an isomorphism f from A onto a recursive B such that f is not recursive? If every isomorphism from A onto a recursive structure is recursive, then A is said to be recursively stable. (This term had been used by Goncharov, although in model theory, stable structure usually refers to something quite different.)

There are variants of these problems. Problem 1 can be varied so that the aim is to produce a recursive copy B in which the image of R is not r.e., or Σ0 α , or to produce a copy B, not necessarily recursive, such that the image of R is not Σ0 α relative to B, and there are similar variants of Problems 2 and 3.

Ash’s paper with Nerode [1981a] concerns Problem 1, and the variant in which the aim is to make f(R) not r.e.. If R is definable by an infinitary formula ϕ(c,x) which is an r.e. disjunction of existential formulae, then the image of R is r.e. in all recursive copies. The converse holds provided a certain side condition holds on the one copy.

Problems 2 and 3 were first considered in the mid-1970s by Goncharov [G1], [G2]. Goncharov, Nurtazin and other members of a group at Novosibirsk, in the former USSR, had done considerable work in this area. Goncharov visited Ash and subsequently they wrote [1985b]. This concerns a variant of Problem 2 in which A is decidable (i.e., satisfaction of all formulae of the usual kind is decidable). The aim is to produce a decidable copy with no ∆0 2 isomorphism. There is no satisfying syntactical condition. The paper makes additions to the stock of pathological examples.

Ash’s [1986a] is about the variant of Problem 3 in which the aim is to make f not ∆0 n. The two papers [1986a] and [1986c] represent a tremendous advance. In both papers, the aim was to lift the results of Goncharov on Problem 3 to higher levels – finite in [1986a] and transfinite in [1986c]. These papers introduce, all at once, the most important notions and technology for carrying Ash’s programme to higher levels. First, there is a description of the class of recursive infinitary formulae. In recursive infinitary formulae, the infinite disjunctions and conjunctions are over r.e. sets (making this precise involves ordinal notation in an essential way). Considered all together, the recursive infinitary formulae have the same expressive power as the hyperarithmetical infinitary formulae, but this is a non-trivial theorem. The important feature of recursive infinitary formulae involves their classification as recursive Σ_α or Π_α for various constructive ordinals α. In recursive structures, satisfaction of recursive Σ_α formulae is Σ0α and satisfaction of recursive Π_α formulae is Π0α.

In addition to the recursive infinitary formulae, [1986a] and [1986c] contain an abstract formulation of the object of a ‘priority’ construction, and there are ‘metatheorems’ guaranteeing the success of the construction. The priority method was developed by Friedberg [Fr] and Muchnik [Mu] (independently) to solve a problem on r.e. sets. It is arguably the most important method for obtaining results in recursion theory. Ash applied the method extensively, and his deepest results are contributions to the method itself.

Thus, it seems important to try to describe the method. In a priority construction, the aim is to enumerate a set so as to satisfy a list of ‘requirements’. The information needed for the requirements may not be accessible in an effective way. The enumeration therefore proceeds based on systematic guessing. The strategies for meeting the separate requirements may come into conflict. When this happens, the conflict is resolved according to a system of priorities. Action on behalf of a given requirement typically results in injury to lower priority requirements.

The construction of Friedberg and Muchnik was a finite injury construction. In such a construction, each requirement is injured at most finitely many times, and with ∆0 2 information, it is possible to determine how the requirements are met. There are infinite injury constructions, where with D0 2 information it is possible to determine how the requirements are met. There are infinite injury constructions, where with ∆0 3 information it is possible to determine how the requirements are met. There are constructions involving information at still higher levels.

Harrington had described a ∆0 ω construction in terms of ‘workers’, in 1979, but only in handwritten notes, which Ash had not seen. Marker [Ma] and Knight [Kn], having seen Harrington’s notes, had tried using workers themselves. However, there was no ‘metatheorem’ before Ash.

Priority constructions can be extremely difficult to write out, to read, to check, and to vary. Harrington’s construction was a house of cards. With Ash’s metatheorem, where it applies, the proof is nice and modular. Ash said that before proving the metatheorem, he could not see how to proceed with the higher level version of Problem 3. Moreover, he had suggested to E. Barker, as a problem for his Master’s thesis, the higher level version of Problem 1 [B].

Having described the appropriate formulae, and developed the technology for the priority constructions, Ash obtained results of the kind he wanted. The results have some rather strong effectiveness hypotheses. In particular, in the given copy of the structure, certain ‘back-and-forth’ relations must be r.e. (uniformly). Ash calculated the back-and-forth relations for recursive well-orderings and showed how his results applied to these familiar structures.

The metatheorem from [1986c] was applied by Ash in [1987a], [1990c], [1990d] (slightly modified), [1991a] and [P1]. As planned, Barker used the metatheorem in his Master’s thesis (12), showing that, modulo some effectiveness conditions, R is intrinsically Σ0α on A if and only if it is definable in A by a recursive Σα. Later, Davey [D] used the metatheorem in his Master’s thesis, and two of Knight’s students, K. Hurlburt [Hu] and A. Vlach [V], used it in their PhD theses. Hurlburt was behind some minor corrections which Ash published.

In [1987a] Ash extended Goncharov’s result on Problem 2 to transfinite levels. He showed that his results applied to superatomic Boolean algebras. To do this, he calculated the back-and-forth relations for these structures.

The paper with J.F. Knight, M. Manasse and T. Slaman [1989] varies Problems 1, 2 and 3 by considering arbitrary copies of the given structure, instead of only recursive copies. The proofs use forcing. The results, with no side conditions, give evidence that the recursive infinitary formulae have all the expressive power needed for problems of this general kind. Manasse and Slaman had obtained some of the results before Ash and Knight, but had not published them. J. Chisholm obtained similar results independently [Ch].

In [1990c], with J.F. Knight, conditions are given on a pair of recursive structures A and B under which, for all sets Π0 α sets S, there is a uniformly recursive sequence of structures (C_n)_n∈ω such that C_n is isomorphic to A if n∈ S and to B otherwise, and there are some other related results. J. Thurber [Th], in his PhD thesis, used results from the paper to re-work and extend results of L. Feiner [Fe] on Boolean algebras.

An r.e. quotient structure is the quotient of a recursive structure by an r.e. congruence relation. It is like a recursive structure, except that equality is not recursive, only r.e.. Love, in his Master’s thesis [Lo1], considered the variant of Problem 3 for such structures. In working with Love, Ash began thinking of structures in which various other relations were required to be r.e.. He realized that the metatheorem, as originally stated, did not apply. In [1990d], he discussed ‘r.e. structures’ and he modified the metatheorem so that it could be used in this context. There were other simplifications as well.

In [1990b], there was a generalization of a result of Watnik [W], saying that for all constructive ordinals α, Z^α ⋅ A has a recursive copy if and only if A has a ∆02α copy. In [1991a] Ash returned to this, generalizing the result further and giving a better proof.

The paper [1992a], with J.F. Knight, considers the following variant of Problem 1. Let A be a recursive structure, and let ϕ(R) be a recursive Π₂ sentence, true in an expansion of A, by a recursive relation R. Under what conditions is there a copy B with no relation R satisfying ϕ(R) and recursive relative to B?

Ted Slaman briefly visited Monash and subsequently Ash wrote his [1993], with J.F. Knight and T. Slaman. Slaman observed some uniformity in the proof of [1992a]. He and Ash isolated several related notions, and determined some of the implications between pairs of these notions. Knight made some minor contributions later, when the paper was being written up.

For a time, Ash enjoyed the belief that his metatheorem was completely general; that is, anything which could be done by a nested priority construction could be done using his metatheorem. He was able to prove Harrington’s [1979] result. However, there are problems – variants of the basic three – calling for priority constructions with special features which the original metatheorem could not handle. In [1994d] and [1994e], Ash and Knight developed variants of the metatheorem to solve some of these problems. In [1994e] there is a metatheorem for constructions with requirements at different levels. This can be applied to the variant of Problem 1 involving a family of relations R_n on A, where the aim is to produce a recursive copy in which, for all n, the image of R_n is not Σ0βn . In [1994d] there is a metatheorem for constructions in which sets are being enumerated at different levels. The syntactical conditions are related to those in [L], [1990d] and [Har]. They involve a new classification of recursive infinitary formulae. His [1994d], with J.F. Knight, contains an extension of the metatheorem for constructions with sets enumerated at different levels.

In [1994f], there is a result saying that the formulae isolated in [1994d] are the right ones – [1994f] bears the same relation to [1994d] as [1989] does to [B]. The proof is a forcing construction, using ideas from [1992b] as well as [1989].

At the time of his death, five of Ash’s papers had not appeared, although all had been accepted for publication. Three of these have now appeared. One of the papers [P5] is expository. Among the others, two [1997a], [19972b] were ready to submit when Ash died. The other two [1996], [P1] needed more work, although the results, joint with Knight, had been thought through.

V. Harizanov, a former student of Millar, showed that, in the setting of Problem 1, the conditions of [1981a] for producing a recursive copy of A in which the image of R is not recursive are not sufficient to give it arbitrary r.e. degree. She also found conditions for making the image of R r.e. of arbitrary r.e. degree [Har].

Let A be a recursive structure, and let R be a further relation on A, as in Problem 1, above. A set is simple if it is r.e. and the complement, while infinite, has no infinite r.e. subset. Hird, in his PhD thesis under Ash, gave conditions for making the image of R as simple as possible [Hir].

In [1997a], joint with Knight and Remmel, the aim was to give conditions for making the image of R simultaneously as simple as possible and of arbitrary non-zero r.e. degree. Simply combining the conditions of Harizanov and Hird does not work. Ash and Remmel had worked on the problem some years earlier, but had never published and had misplaced their notes. Ash and Knight started over.

Ershov defined a hierarchy of ∆0 2 sets, based on differences [E1], [E2], [E3]. For a ∆02 set X, there is a recursive ‘guessing’ function g(x,s) such that if x ∈ X, then for all sufficiently large s, g(x,s) = 1, and if x ∉ X, then for all sufficiently large s, g(x,s) = 0. If X is r.e., we can take g such that for each x, the value starts at 0 and changes at most once. For a 2-r.c., or n-r.e. set, the value changes at most twice, or n times. The definition extends through the constructive ordinals. For an α-r.e. set, an ordinal ≤ α accompanies each guess, and the ordinal decreases whenever the guess changes.

In [1996], joint with Knight, again the setting was as in Problem 1. The aim was to give conditions for making the image of R not 2-r.e., or not α-r.e.. In [1997b], joint with Cholak and Knight, the aim was to give conditions, for fixed α, guaranteeing that the image of R can be given arbitrary α-r.e. degree, or made α-r.e. and of arbitrary α- r.e. degree. In [1997b] it is also shown, using forcing, that if R can be given arbitrary ∆0 3 degree, then it can be given arbitrary degree.

In [1995], Ash and Knight showed that the most obvious conditions for lifting Harizanov’s results to arbitrary levels in the hyperarithmetical hierarchy fail. In [P1], joint with Knight, there are results related to this. It is shown that the conditions for making the image of R not ∆0 α are sufficient to give it arbitrary Σ0 α degree modulo ∆0 α, and the conditions for making the image of R Σ0 α and not ∆0 α are sufficient to make it Σ0 α of arbitrary Σ0 α degree modulo ∆0 α. There is a more general statement involving REA sequences, as in [1995]. In addition, the paper considers some model theoretic versions of the Friedberg-Muchnik Theorem. There are conditions on a recursive structure A and a pair of relations R and S, guaranteeing that there is a recursive copy in which the images of R and S are r.e. and independent, or Σ0 α and independent over ∆0 α.

The book [P6] which Ash had started was not meant to be jointly authored. It is entitled Computable Structures and the Hyperarithmetical Hierarchy. Ash had written parts of the first five chapters, and chapter titles for the rest. Knight is in the process of completing the book. It describes Ash’s programme and includes the background material from recursion theory and model theory (material on ordinal notations, infinitary formulae, etc.), necessary for a thorough understanding.

In contrast to his work on semigroups, where a long familiarity with a problem (The Rhodes type-II conjecture) ultimately led to a final successful assault, Ash’s work in logic is more of a continuous process. His deep study accompanied by a passion for elegance enabled him to tackle structures of richer complexity. His work used in [Mun] and his [1979b] took notions of model theory (homogeneous-universal models) and, by adding more structure, enabled him to solve outstanding problems in semigroup theory.

The study of ‘intrinsic’ complexity in mathematical structures, with Nerode’s encouragement at the outset, grew infinitely more complicated as Ash concentrated on it. Again, Ash’s elegance of presentation made complicated results manageable. His aerial view (his metatheorem of [1986c], in particular), opened up a land which previously had looked like an amorphous and virtually pathless swamp, and allowed its mapping and exploration.

Conclusion

The last few years of Chris Ash’s life displayed an ever-increasing productivity. Among semigroupists, his work is widely known and has found extensive application already. Ash’s primary research area was logic and by his own reckoning, his best and deepest results are in [1986c]. Ash’s work in computable structure theory is already admired by the handful of people who specialize in this sort of thing. However, there are signs of growing interest in computable structure theory among the broader community in recursion theory/ computability. The metatheorems are, as yet, understood by only a few people, but the fact that they have been used successfully by students from Monash and Notre Dame points to the possibility of further applications. Lerman and Lempp [L-L1], [L-L2], who in working on certain problems in pure recursion theory, began to develop their own framework for priority constructions, indicate that they used some of Ash’s ideas. The effects of Ash’s work will be felt for a long time to come.

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[1996] Recursive structures and Ershov’s hierarchy (with J.F.Knight). Math. Logic Quarterly, 42, 461–468. 

Preprints

[P1] Possible degrees in recursive copies II (with J.F.Knight). To appear in Annals of Pure & Applied Logic.
[P2] Isomorphic recursive structures. To appear in volume on constructive mathematics, ed. by A.Nerode, J.B.Remmel & W.Marek.
[P3] Computable Structures and the Hyperarithmetical Hierarchy (with J.F. Knight), book in preparation.

This memoir is available to download as a PDF document.

• Download memoir (PDF, 258 KB)

About this memoir

This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, Vol.12, No.1, 1998. It was written by:

• J.N. Crossley, School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
• J.F. Knight, Department of Mathematics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556-0398, USA.
• G.B. Preston, Department of Mathematics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.

Written by E. Seneta and J. M. Gani.

Introduction

An account of the Heyde family is followed by a description of Chris’s childhood, schooling and university training at Sydney and the ANU. Chris spent most of his academic career at the ANU, CSIRO and Columbia University. He made an outstanding contribution to probability theory and its applications. His theoretical work focused mainly on the laws of large numbers, branching processes, martingale theory, estimation theory and, most recently, financial mathematics. He also had a lasting interest in the history of probability and statistics. Chris received considerable recognition, including Fellowship of the Australian Academy of Science and of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, as well as Membership of the Order of Australia.

Some family history

Chris Heyde was born in Sydney, Australia on 20 April 1939, the son of Gilbert Christoph von der Heyde and Alice Danne Wessing. He died in Canberra on 6 March 2008, from the effects of metastatic melanoma.

Chris’s father’s family—the Heyde family

Chris’s paternal great-great-grandfather, Jacob Christoph von der Heyde (1792– 1839) was a master mason and his great-grandfather, Wilhelm von der Heyde, was born in the Lüneburger Heide area of Hanover, Germany, in 1826. He arrived in Adelaide in 1848 and moved through Melbourne, Hobart and Sydney, prospering as a tobacco merchant. He built a handsome house at Strathfield, a Sydney suburb, and was elected mayor of the municipality.

Chris’s grandfather Charles, Wilhelm’s eldest son, was born in Manly in 1879 and went to school in Germany for two years. He became managing director of a big combine of tobacco companies (British Australasian Tobacco) and was there for the whole of his working life. He married Gertrude (Truda) Philip, who was born in Armidale, New South Wales, of Scottish stock.

Chris’s father, Gilbert Christoph von der Heyde (1914–2000), was born in Sydney, the fourth child of his parents, and was also known as Chris. He was an adventurous skier as a young man. His father offered to send him to university at age 18, at the time of the great Depression, but he turned down the offer in order to start in the tobacco industry as a junior clerk, remaining in the industry for nineteen years. During this time he studied in the evenings for the Sydney Technical College’s Diploma of Chemical Engineering, as well as taking a range of science subjects out of interest. He soon became recognized as a very good manager and joined the newly established Australian Institute of Management (AIM), serving on AIM panels for twenty years and being elected a Fellow (FAIM). In 1951, he became head of Unilever’s management consulting department in Australia, staying on till 1970.

In 1966 Chris senior developed Modapts, MODular Arrangement of Predetermined Time Systems. This could be used to model different ways of doing a task and gave ‘fair times’ for work that could be used by both management and unions. It was applied in a range of jobs and organizations in various countries. It was so successful that he left Unilever to continue work on it full-time, with revised and enlarged editions being produced.

Chris senior was innovative from the start of his career. His essential curiosity about how things worked led him to explore phenomena well before they became widely known to the public, including early computers. His most animated stories were about discovering the causes of malfunction, non-function or dissatisfaction. The work on family history from which some of these notes are extracted was a manifestation of his general curiosity about history. An obituary by his son from his second marriage, Victor, appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald (V. Heyde, 2000).

Chris’s mother’s Family—the Wessing family

Chris’s maternal great-grandfather, Peter Wheisel (Hveisel) Wessing, a master baker, was born in Grenaa, Denmark. He married Rasmine Olavia Schjodt, who was born in 1838 in Ebeltoft, Denmark, the daughter of a ship’s captain. They emigrated to Tasmania in 1872. Their expectation was to become farmers, though they had received a good education—it is said that they had experience in law and medicine. Rasmine had a reputation for nursing/medical skills in her community near Hobart. Four of their children travelled with them.

Chris’s grandfather, Carl Sophus Wessing (1871–1949) was still a baby when his parents departed for Australia, while he remained with his grandmother in Denmark. He joined his family in Hobart at the age of thirteen years. He married Nella Marie Fredericca Neilson (Nelsson), who was of Swedish descent on her father’s side and whose mother had sung in the Stockholm Opera House. They had five daughters and a son before Nella died, when the eldest daughter Charlotte (Lottie, who was fifteen years older than Chris’s mother Alice) took on the mothering role. Carl worked in mines in Queenstown as a powder monkey, setting explosives. He observed the quality of the ore and used to telegraph Lottie with instructions about buying shares in mining companies. He eventually earned enough to buy a significant family property at Summerhill Road in Hobart, where he established a plant nursery and produced grafted fruit trees for the then flourishing orchard industry in Tasmania. At one stage he also owned two houses at Battery Point.

Carl and Nella Wessing with their Scandinavian background hosted the Norwegian explorer RoaldAmundsen in Hobart in early 1912, when Amundsen in the vessel Fram was on his way back from Antarctica after becoming the first person to reach the South Pole in December 1911.

Chris’s mother, Alice Danne Wessing (1908–1975), was the fifth daughter in the family and had one younger brother. Her sisters all worked at home duties in their father’s home before marriage, but Alice wanted to work outside the home. She qualified in typing and shorthand, winning two gold medals for speed, and became a court reporter in Hobart. She had two overseas voyages to Europe and was an adventurous skier, as was her younger brother Charles, both in Tasmania and on the mainland at Mount Kosciuszko. She met her future husband Gilbert Christoph von der Heyde on the skiing fields, and they married in 1936. After they separated, and once her son Chris was established in school, she undertook secretarial duties with a legal practitioner in Sydney. Chris spent many happy times in Tasmania during his childhood and youth with his mother’s family.

Chris’s formation: childhood to high school

When Chris was born his parents were living at Cambridge Avenue, Vaucluse, in Sydney. During 1942 the family moved to Cheltenham, where Chris lived until he moved to Canberra as a PhD student in 1962.

Chris’s parents separated when he was four or five years old. His parents both recalled that one day in their garden Chris made a critical comment to them, questioning why the relationship was not harmonious: his father referred to this incident as being in no small way a factor in his decision to leave. Chris’s mother closed the door on the relationship as far as Chris was concerned, and provided him with a very untroubled and secure upbringing.

For most of his schooling Chris attended Barker College, Hornsby (a Sydney suburb). Through the primary years he was often ill and did not do particularly well in his studies, in large part owing to his having missed large amounts of work.

As Chris became older he began to forge relations through St John’s Anglican church in Beecroft; he became active in the youth fellowship and the choir (in which he sang as a tenor), and attended church moderately often. Whatever was on in the sporting domain took top priority, and his mother supported his sporting interests, never questioning him about them.

He played rugby at school when he was 13–15, in the B team (out of A, B, C). He played one game in the A team because they needed his speed, but he had too great a sense of self-preservation and preferred to grab the opponents rather than ‘ankle-tap’ them as the fearless and highly prized tacklers do.

For a few years Chris swam competitively, his best results coming in Under 13 and Under 14 years competitions. He was best for his age at Barker then, but by the Under 15 stage Chris could see that others were putting in less work and getting better results. He decided it was then ‘a mug’s game’ to persist and gave up competitive swimming. Harry Hay was Chris’s favourite swimming coach; his other coaches were more impersonal and the squads were larger. Chris won the Harry Hay trophy, which was inaugurated as a memorial to Harry. This was a handicap race at the Spit, in which swimmers were rated, and Chris performed best in relation to the rating he was given. He held the huge cup for a year. This was the sporting trophy that meant most to him. Chris performed all the swimming strokes competitively but was best at freestyle. He often raced against Murray Rose, whom no-one ever beat and who went on to win several gold medals in the Olympics in 1956 and 1960. Chris used to come around 6th place in the State championships.

Chris made a smooth transition to athletics although he had started these late, at about 13, swimming having been his preferred activity until then. He went on to be best for age in Under 14, Under 15 and Under 16 at Barker. He had quite a reputation for courage in running relays. He ran last in his team and always caught up with some of the competition, running with such passion that people recognized his effort. At the Combined Schools Association meets, he was second in the 200 m and 800 m. Chris started with the Ryde/Hornsby athletics club at around the age of 14. Here his athletics career ended at age 15 when he tore his left Achilles tendon, probably because he had not warmed up enough before doing some long jumping. After this injury, he had significant difficulty in walking for a while and it was clear that there would be no more athletics in the near future.

At school, he was suddenly sedentary and began to take an interest in his lessons. Fortunately it was not too late. A few teachers were more inspirational than others: the good teachers tried to teach the subject rather than the curriculum, and were dedicated to their discipline. Among them was Robert Finlay who taught English. Chris was in the honours English stream and enjoyed it, gaining a good foundation in writing. The other inspirational teacher was Gordon Miller, who taught mathematics and science. He noticed that Chris was able to do things others could not; Chris’s scores moved up from about 65% to more than 95% in tests. When it came to the Leaving Certificate, Chris took the examinations twice. The first time was with no subjects at the honours level and he scored As in English, Mathematics I and II and Physics, and Bs in French and one other subject, a respectable score. The second time, he trained for the honours level, taking a completely different curriculum for these— Mathematics I Hons, Mathematics II Hons, Physics Hons, English, which was compulsory, and Applied Mathematics in which he was almost self-taught. He gained high results in Mathematics I and II, not quite so high in Physics, and As for English and Applied Mathematics. He came comfortably in the top 100 in the state, though there was no consequent entitlement in the way of scholarships or bursaries. However, he won a Commonwealth Scholarship, for which he had also qualified the previous year. A chief advantage in doing the Leaving Certificate for the second time was that he achieved a stronger position for first-year courses at university.

Chris was active in the school cadet corps, becoming an Underofficer in the final year of school. This was a quasi-commissioned rank with a paper mandate from the Army, essentially a platoon leader. Chris enjoyed Cadets increasingly as he became more senior, even to the extent of wondering about going to Duntroon Military College and joining the Army. His Uncle Phillip Heyde was part of the inspiration. But this was before Chris became a high achiever in Mathematics, when it was obvious to him that Science was the course to study.

Chris was Dux of Barker College in 1956. In his final year, he was also a prefect and coach/manager of the swimming team. He was generally liked at school. Though he did not have many close friends there— no-one shared his academic interests—he did not feel isolated.

University studies

Chris entered the Faculty of Science at the University of Sydney at the beginning of 1957 on his Commonwealth Undergraduate Scholarship; in those days in Australia these scholarships exempted their holders from university fees and sometimes provided a living allowance. For students doing Science, they covered the three years of a pass-level Bachelor’s degree and Fourth-Year Honours, which was then essentially training for research.

Chris went into the Mathematics Honours stream (doing Pure and Applied Mathematics combined) and Physics Honours. He was also in a class of 500 starting Chemistry from scratch, while Geology was his fourth subject, chosen because he preferred studying rocks to cutting up frogs. He could see that geology provided a general explanation of how the Earth fits together and found it very interesting. Chris’s attitude to geology wasn’t altogether appreciated by his tutors: after a field trip in the Blue Mountains, Chris’s report received the boldly written comment, ‘Too much cogitation, too little observation!’ He received good Credits in Geology and Chemistry and a Distinction in Mathematics, the latter being a somewhat disappointing result for him. He was in a very high-powered Mathematics class—everyone in it had been in the top 100 in the Leaving Certificate examinations. People took this course even if they were going to do Medicine. After first year, Chris gained High Distinctions in all his Mathematics subjects, but he was clearly one of the top students even in the first-year class, and he remembered competing intellectually with other students, which contrasted with his time at Barker.

The Chemistry and Mathematics Departments at the University of Sydney were held in high esteem at the time, both having Heads who were FRSs. Physics was expanding rapidly under its new Head, Harry Messel, an entrepreneur who managed to have six new Professors appointed and also obtained SILLIAC, among the first computers in Australia. Mathematics was in the Physics building, and Chris worked in the Physics library. When Harry Messel came through, students left because he always had a strongly-smelling cigar clamped between his teeth. By second year, Chris had given up on Physics, his enthusiasm having been severely dented when staff responded to questions along the lines, ‘you don’t need to know that’. In contrast, the quality of modelling in the Applied Mathematics Department, headed by Professor Keith Bullen, a seismologist, was extremely high. The approach was very rational, looking at what features one wanted to capture and what were the key elements needed for doing this, what could be left out, what had to be in—always aiming for the simplest possible model but all logically founded. Chris felt the intellectual rigour and found it very satisfying; he had never heard anyone teach modelling the way Bullen did and he later tried to do something similar in his own teaching and practice. He stressed what a model needed to capture, what it was supposed to do and what one hoped to get out of it, what were the inescapable building blocks. His own finance model, for which he later obtained a patent, is couched in these terms.

Bullen and Professor Thomas G. Room, Head of Pure Mathematics, were both Cambridge-trained and both FRS’s. However they were at loggerheads and did not speak to each other. Through third year, Chris did not enjoy Pure Mathematics although he scored well in it, but he was enjoying Mathematical Statistics with Harry Mulhall, as he also had in his second year. Mulhall was a very good teacher, quite systematic, and although he was not research-orientated he was aware of current research. Until Professor H. O. Lancaster was appointed at the end of Chris’s third year and a Department of Statistics was set up, Mulhall was the only person teaching Statistics at the University of Sydney. With Lancaster’s appointment, Fourth-Year Honours in Statistics became an option, and Chris agonized between Honours in Statistics and Honours in Applied Mathematics. He decided on Statistics and was a member of the first Honours class, together with Murray Aitkin, Mohammed (David) Hamdan, Reg Armson, and Brother Bennett (Seneta 2002; Seneta and Eagle-son 2004). In contrast to Harry Mulhall, Oliver Lancaster proved a somewhat less gifted teacher—except for a few students. Lancaster talked about his mathematical research and showed through his reasoning where he was going and what he wanted to achieve. Most undergraduate students could not adapt to this, but Chris understood and ‘ate it up’; it was hugely helpful to him as research training.

Chris was a meticulous keeper of records and files, and his lecture notes from his undergraduate years at Sydney have survived. They reflect the quality of undergraduate education there at the time and are historically interesting as an indication of Chris’s gestation as an eminent statistician. Undergraduate, presumably second-year reference books were P. G. Hoel’s Introduction to Mathematical Statistics (2nd edn.); A. Mood’s Introduction to the Theory of Statistics; H. Cramér’s Elements of Probability Theory and W. Feller’s Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Volume 1. For Mathematical Statistics III (in Fourth-Year Honours) there are the following sets of lecture notes: Rupert Leslie’s course: ‘Order Statistics’; Eve Bofinger’s course: ‘Analysis of Variance and Design of Experiments’; Ian Stewart’s course: ‘Quality Control and Sampling Theory’; Oliver Lancaster’s courses: ‘Analysis of Variance’ and ‘Distribution of Quadratic Forms’; and Harry Mulhall’s courses: ‘Distribution Theory’ and ‘Inference’. There is also a Pure Mathematics IIIA junior paper by Chris entitled ‘Asymptotics’, surely a predictor of the shape of things to come.

Chris had no significant social life at university as his days were filled with a packed lecture schedule, laboratory work every afternoon, and travel to and from home. For recreation he was active in the Hornsby Rifle Club on Saturday afternoons for about two years.

Chris gained his BSc with first-class honours in Mathematical Statistics and the University Medal from the University of Sydney in 1960, the degree being conferred in 1961. In 1958 and 1960, he also won the prizes for statistics of the New South Wales Branch of the Statistical Society of Australia.

Oliver Lancaster wanted Chris to stay on in his department and a scholarship for the Master’s degree was arranged. In those days, the MSc was a natural next step in research training after Fourth-Year Honours. Chris continued his studies at Sydney and received his MSc in 1962 for a thesis on the ‘Theory of characteristic functions and the classical moment problem’. His note from this period (3), in which he showed that the lognormal distribution is not determined by its moments, became a classic, eventually receiving the ultimate accolade of being mentioned in the Bible of advanced probability theory, the book of Feller (1971), p. 227. When his Master’s thesis was virtually complete, Chris visited Canberra with Oliver Lancaster and met P. A. P. (Pat) Moran and other members of Moran’s Department of Statistics at the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Australian National University (the ANU). In 1961, Chris had won a Commonwealth Postgraduate Research Scholarship and he took this with him when he moved to Moran’s department in early 1962. Moran’s department admirably fulfilled the key purpose for which the ANU had been created, namely to allow talented Australian students to pursue their doctoral research in Australia rather than having to go overseas: it attracted the cream of Australian students in Statistics for several decades (Gani 2005).

Chris’s PhD thesis was entitled ‘Results related to first passage time problems and some of their applications’. His nominal supervisor was J. E. (Jo) Moyal, but Chris worked mainly on his own, following some suggestions made by Pat Moran. He was awarded his PhD in Statistics in 1965. Eventually Chris was to write Pat Moran’s biographical memoir (139).

Chris met his wife-to-be, Thelma Elizabeth (Beth) James, at University House, the residence for unmarried PhD students at the ANU, in 1963, when they were both postgraduate students. Beth’s first memory of Chris was when he played the role of Roman centurion in Bernard Shaw’s play ‘Androcles and the Lion’, performed as a Sunday night play-reading in the basement of the Eastern Annex of University House. He wore laced-up Roman sandals, carried a garbage bin lid for a shield, and had a dustpan brush strapped to the top of his head. His role was not large, but the audience gave him a rousing reception.

Beth had won the Lilley Medal (first place in the Queensland Scholarship Examination, which pleased her teacher parents) and later studied Science at the University of Queensland, winning the University Medal. She won a General-Motors-Holden’s postgraduate scholarship to undertake a PhD in Biochemistry at the ANU in the John Curtin School of Medical Research, and moved to Canberra in 1963. She shared with Chris a love of nature and being out in the bush that she had gained during her childhood in various parts of Queensland, while Chris had done so from growing up on the edge of what is now Lane Cove National Park in Sydney. They also shared a commitment as Christians in the Anglican tradition.

Chris led bushwalks for the residents of University House, and caused some concern to his friends on one occasion when he was out reconnoitring for such an outing, because he did not return on schedule. He had underestimated the time required to get back and had to spend a night in the bush, but was able to walk out by himself when daylight returned. He went skiing when he could, and made an igloo with friends on one occasion. He, Bob Pidgeon and Peter Brockwell ran a sluice box on Araluen Creek, hoping to pick up some alluvial gold from the reef that had never been found. They did collect tiny bits of gold, but made the mistake of trying an old prospector’s method for turning these into a ‘nugget’ by mixing them with mercury and putting the mixture inside a potato that was then cooked; the theory was that the gold collected in a lump in the centre and the mercury diffused, but in practice it all diffused and they ended up with only a very poisonous potato.

Beth and Chris became engaged in May 1964. It was decided that Beth would finish her thesis in Canberra by August 1965, and that they would marry in Brisbane in September 1965. In August 1964 Chris submitted his PhD thesis and sailed from Sydney for the USA, where he joined Joe Gani, who had also been a member of Pat Moran’s department, and Uma Prabhu, then of the University of Western Australia, who had both moved to the Department of Statistics at Michigan State University, East Lansing. The three of them attempted to build up teaching and research in stochastic processes. When Joe Gani left towards the end of 1965 to take up the Chair of Probability and Statistics at the University of Sheffield in the UK, Chris followed him there as a Lecturer.

University of Sheffield 1965–1968; Australian National University 1968–1975

Chris returned to Australia in time for the wedding with Beth in September 1965 at St Colomb’s Anglican Church, Clayfield, Queensland. Their honeymoon began with a week spent at Heron Island and continued on board the P&O vessel Orsova, sailing from Sydney to Southhampton en route to Sheffield.

On arriving in Sheffield with their Volkswagen ‘Beetle’, which had travelled with them, both Chris and Beth settled in to work, Beth on a research grant in the laboratory of one of the Biochemistry staff, Stanley Ainsworth. At weekends they explored the countryside in England and Scotland.

Three months in the summer of 1966 were spent in Denmark. Here Chris worked at Aarhus University in the department of Ole Barndorff-Nielsen, with whose later work, especially as it related to financial mathematics, Chris was to become familiar. Touring around Denmark at the weekends, Chris and Beth included a visit to Grenaa on the north-east coast of Jutland where Chris’s maternal grandfather had been born. From Denmark, Chris and Beth travelled to Moscow in August 1966 for Chris to attend the 1966 International Mathematical Congress.

The first of their two children, Neil, was born on 12 June 1967, just before they moved to Manchester. Chris had been promoted to Special Lecturer in charge of the Statistical Laboratory at the University of Manchester from September 1967, when the Manchester-Sheffield School of Probability and Statistics was formed. Statistics at Manchester had come under Joe Gani’s aegis following the departure to Cambridge of Professor Peter Whittle.

Chris was offered three positions in Australia and decided to take up one at the ANU, a Readership in Ted Hannan’s Department of Statistics in the School of General Studies (SGS). The family returned to Australia in September 1968. Chris had by then produced some thirty papers, a dominant theme of which was the refinement of classical limit theory involving large and small deviations, rates of convergence and domains of attraction, while displaying a breadth of interest in the contemporary issues in probability. There were strong links between Hannan’s teaching department and Pat Moran’s purely research department in the Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS). The SGS department, which also had considerable strength in research, stimulated Chris’s interests in new directions, notably the theory of branching processes, statistical inference for them, and population genetics models related to them. He published several papers jointly authored with Eugene Seneta on these topics and others with Ted Hannan on time series analysis, in addition to a number of papers that he wrote alone. In this work, a principal focus of Chris’s was the martingale concept. He was to become widely known for his work on the theory and application of martingale methods, not least in estimation for stochastic processes. In 1973, he was awarded a DSc by the ANU ‘after due examination of his published work in the field of mathematical statistics and probability’.

Chris’s period in the SGS department also saw the genesis of his interest in the history of probability and statistics in company with Eugene Seneta. Both were influenced by Bienaymé’s 1845 discovery of the criticality theorem of branching processes, to which they had been led by remarks of Oliver Lancaster. Their book on Bienaymé was effectively a history of probability and statistics in the nineteenth century, perhaps the first of a modern resurgence of books on the history of statistics.

The period at the ANU saw the beginnings of intense editorial activity on Chris’s part, both at home and internationally. This is described in Gani and Seneta (2008).

Soon after returning to Canberra, Beth found part-time work at the John Curtin School of Medical Research (JCSMR), in the Biochemistry Department in which she had done her PhD. The first Moon landing on 20 July 1969 was being broadcast on television in the week or so before their second child, Eric, was born. Beth returned to part-time work at JCSMR in January 1970.

Chris arranged to take sabbatical leave at Stanford University for a year beginning with the northern Fall semester in 1972. In 1973, after attending St John’s Anglican Church at Reid, with which both Chris and Beth were familiar from student days, since 1968, they joined the Anglican community that was then meeting in the Aranda school hall near their new home, a link that continued at the time of Chris’s death.

CSIRO Division of Mathematics and Statistics 1975–1983; University of Melbourne 1983–1986

In January 1975 Chris joined the CSIRO Division of Mathematics and Statistics, of which Joe Gani had just become Chief. Meanwhile Beth was able to go back to full-time work, taking up a research fellowship at JCSMR. Chris was at first a Senior Principal Research Scientist and, from 1977, Chief Research Scientist and Assistant Chief of the Division. He took over as Acting Chief in 1981, when Joe Gani left the Division.

Chris was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1977. His proposer was Pat Moran, with Ted Hannan as seconder. The citation submitted a few years earlier read:

Dr Heyde is an internationally recognized authority on the classical theory of probability. His principal contributions are concerned with the problems of convergence to normality, laws of large numbers and martingale theory. He has also worked on renewal theory, queueing theory and stochastic models for chemical processes. In the last 10 years he has published a large body of work which shows great originality and technical power.

At the time, nine new ordinary Fellows were being elected each year; Chris was elected in the face of very intense competition.

In September 1983 Chris became Professor and Chairman of the Department of Statistics at the University of Melbourne. He proved to be an excellent Chairman who strongly encouraged the pursuit of research and the use of computer facilities by staff and students. Instrumental in creating the Statistical Consulting Centre, he gave strong support to its director and staff. In 1985, he succeeded in obtaining a very large grant from the Australian Government to support a Key Centre for Statistical Science, a joint enterprise of LaTrobe, Monash and Melbourne Universities and the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT); Chris became founding director of this Centre.

During this period he took on new editorial responsibilities. These included: Associate Editor of the International Statistical Review, 1980–1987; Joint Editor of The Mathematical Scientist, 1982–1984, and Associate Editor from 1984; Coordinating Editor of Advances in Applied Probability and the Journal of Applied Probability, 1983–1989 and Editor-in-Chief of these journals, 1990–2008 (jointly with Soren Asmussen from May 2005). He was one of the editors of the Australian Mathematical Society Lecture Series from 1984, and one of the editors of the Springer Monograph Series in Probability and its Applications from 1985. In 1984, following the death of Norma McArthur, one of the initial trustees of the Applied Probability Trust (APT), Chris was appointed as one of the four APT Trustees. His counsel was always balanced and wise and will be sorely missed. Further detail may be found in Gani and Seneta (2008) and Nash (2008).

Other commitments for the period included: member of the organizing committee for Section 8, Mathematical Sciences, 46th ANZAAS Conference, Canberra, January 1975; organizer of the 8th International Conference for Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Canberra, July 1978; member of the Committee for Conferences on Stochastic Processes, 1973–1983, and Chairman 1979–1981 and 1981–1983 (two terms); Alternative Director of SIROMATH Pty Ltd, October 1980– July 1981, and Director, August 1981– January 1983; member of the scientific advisory committee for the Australian Government Inquiry into the Possible Effects of Herbicides on Vietnam Veterans and their Families, 1980–1984; member of the Science and Industry Forum of the Australian Academy of Science from 1980; chairman of the Australian Statistics Policy Committee, 1980–1984; member of the Queen Elizabeth II Fellowships Committee, 1983; and member of the Australian Subcommission of the International Commission for Mathematical Instruction, 1984–1987.

Return to the ANU 1986–2008; Columbia University 1993–2008

In May 1986, Chris returned to the ANU to become Head of the Department of Statistics in the Research School of Social Sciences of the Institute of Advanced Studies, serving from July 1986 to December 1988. Pat Moran had retired in 1982 and Ted Hannan, Head until July, retired in December 1986.

The two Mathematics Departments (SGS and IAS), the IAS Department of Statistics and the ANU’s Special Research Centre for Mathematical Analysis soon afterwards underwent an important structural change in which Chris played a pivotal role, coming together to form the ANU School of Mathematical Sciences (since renamed the Mathematical Sciences Institute). This was the third attempt at bringing the ANU mathematicians together, but while the ANU was happy to hold the School up as a shining example of cooperation between its research and undergraduate teaching arms, the Institute and the Faculties, it did not provide it with adequate support. This contrasted, Chris noted, with the approach to new enterprises that he later found at Columbia University, where strong backing was given to the burgeoning area of financial mathematics. Chris was the Foundation Dean of the new School, serving from January 1989 to January 1992. From February 1992 to January 2005, he was Professor of Statistics in the School (later Institute), as a member of its Stochastic Analysis Group.

From 1993, he was also a professor in the Department of Statistics at Columbia University, New York. He taught there for their Fall semester each year (September to December) until 2007, and was the director of the Columbia Center for Applied Probability. He was intensely active in this role. To commemorate his contribution to the University, Columbia held an ‘Applied Probability Day in Honor of Chris C. Heyde’ on Saturday 28 June 2008. He was appointed Professor Emeritus of Statistics on 6 March 2008, the University President stating that ‘this reaffirmation of his importance to our scholarly community only begins to recognize his extraordinary contributions to Columbia’. More information on his contributions at Columbia may be found in Glasserman and Kou (2006).

On the occasion of Chris’s 65th birthday, a conference in his honour (CMA National Research Symposium on Probability Theory and its Applications, 22–23 April 2004) was held at the ANU, followed by a dinner in the Great Hall of University House. At this time, his colleagues, friends and former students offered him a Festschrift (Gani and Seneta 2004) as a token of the deep esteem and affection in which he was held by the mathematical and statistical communities in Australia and elsewhere.

In the midst of his very full academic life, Chris found time for travel, relaxation and recreation with his family. There were adventure tours exploring remote and beautiful regions of Australia; relaxation, such as cruising in Scandinavia; and frequent weekend and vacation retreats at South Durras on the New South Wales coast. He also very much enjoyed the many opportunities for overseas visits linked with his international responsibilities and research contributions.

During this part of his life, Chris continued to take a serious interest in the development of Mathematics and Statistics, both in Australia and internationally. He was chairman of the Executive Committee of the Australian Foundation for Science in 1990– 1992, and was a director of the Foundation, 1992–1999. A member of the council of the Australian Mathematical Society, 1980– 1983, he became its Vice-President in 1981. He was Vice-President of the International Statistical Institute (ISI, to whose membership he had been elected in 1972) in 1985– 1987 and again in 1993–1995; a member of the ISI’s Bernoulli Society Council in 1979– 1987, its President-elect in 1983–1985 and its President in 1985–1987.

Chris was a council member of the Canberra Branch of the Statistical Society of Australia (SSA), 1973–1983, and Branch President, 1987–1989. He put much effort into the job of Director of the National Mathematical Sciences Congress in 1988. This was held in Canberra, under the auspices of the Australian Bicentennial Authority. When at the University of Melbourne, he was a member of the Victorian Branch Council in 1984–1986 and Branch President in 1985–1986. He was a member of the SSA’s Central Council, 1973–1986, and the Society’s Federal President in 1985– 1986. He was a member of the Australian Mathematics Competition Board in 1981– 1992 and of the Board of its successor, the Australian Mathematics Trust, from 1992. His publications list contains invited articles that attest to his on-going concern about the public perception and future of mathematical and statistical science, presented from his authoritatively perceptive standpoint.

Chris served the Australian Academy of Science in a variety of ways. He was a member of Sectional Committee 1 (Mathematics), 1978–1982 (chairman, 1980– 1982), and also a member of Council in 1986–1993, Vice-President in 1988–1989, and Treasurer in 1989–1993.

In 1994, Chris was awarded the Hannan Medal of the Australian Academy of Science, and in 1995 the Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal. This period of his life brought other well-deserved rewards: the Pitman Medal of the Statistical Society of Australia; a DSc (honoris causa) of his alma mater, the University of Sydney; membership of the Order of Australia; the Centenary Medal of the Australian Government, and election as a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia.

In a remarkable presentation for the 19th Pfizer Colloquium, Chris was filmed for the American Statistical Association’s Distinguished Statisticians Archive (14), following in the footsteps of earlier eminent probabilists and statisticians. His talk encompassed the manifold areas of his experience in the service of statistics and probability. A highlight was his recommendation for proper supervision and mentoring of graduate students. Chris candidly expressed his views about the statistical profession, its growth over its golden decades (1950–1980), its current state and its likely future. This included topics such as a decreasing and ageing membership in statistical associations, the decline of ‘Mathematical Statistics’ as a discipline and of Departments of Statistics as separate entities, and the increasingly important roles in the practice of statistics and applied probability played by disciplines such as bioinformatics, data mining, and the mathematical treatment of financial risk.

Glasserman and Kou (2006) contains an excellent published conversation with Chris about his professional career, valuable in particular for the description of his perceptions and the evolution of his scientific thinking.

Research

Chris’s research covered a huge variety of topics, testifying to a great breadth of interest and a remarkable ability to assimilate new directions in probability. His publications include works on the moment problem, first passage problems, random walks, the iterated logarithm law, recurrent events, enzyme reactions, queueing theory, branching processes, martingale theory, estimation theory particularly for branching and stochastic processes, genetic balance and gene survival, invariance principles, weak convergence of probability measures, the Hawkins random sieve, reproduction rates and clutch sizes of birds, outbreaks of rare infections, random trees and stemma construction in philology, long-range dependence, fractals and random fields, random matrices in demographic projections, quasi-likelihood methods, estimation for queueing processes and processes with long-range dependence, inference for time series, robustness of limit theorems, risk assessment for catastrophic events, fractal scaling and generalizations of the Black-Scholes model in financial mathematics.

One of the central themes of Chris’s research in his first post-PhD period at the ANU was the probabilistic concept of a martingale, which derives from a gambling context whence the name comes. A sequence of random variables {X_n}, n= 0, 1, 2,... is said to be a martingale if E(X_n+1 | X_n,X_n-1-1,..., X₀) = X_n. (That is, if the expected value of a random variable at time n + 1 given information on the entire past is the actual value observed at time n.) A martingale difference sequence is then {Y_n}, n = 1,2,... where Y_n = X_n - X_n-1.

Towards the end of his life, Chris listed what he considered his five favourite papers. These were:

1. The paper (3) on the moments of the lognormal distribution that we have already mentioned above.
2. A joint paper with Ted Hannan (45), in which it is shown that the best linear predictor is the best predictor if the innovations are martingale differences. This was one of the very early papers that made it clear that martingales would play an important role in statistics. (A martingale difference sequence is a generalization that allows for dependence, of the classical statistical context of independent zero-mean random variables.)
3. An invited paper (47) expounding the emerging role that martingales were to play in probability. In particular, this contains a Central Limit Theorem for martingales. (A martingale can be regarded as a sum of martingale differences, and hence as a generalization of a sum of independent random variables. The classical Central Limit theory is framed in terms of a limiting normal Gaussian distribution for a normed sum of independent random variables.)
4. A joint paper with Y. Yang (167), clarifying the concept of long-range dependence. This concept was of special interest to Chris in the last prevailing direction of his research, which involved modelling the probabilistic behaviour of financial assets.
5. The paper (176) that introduced the fractal activity time geometric Brownian motion (FATBGM) risky asset model. This was the starting point for what is now a very large body of work by Chris, his students and his colleagues (for example (180), (183) and (200)), on models that capture subtle aspects of empirically observed financial asset data sequences.

This list is, however, an excessively modest account of Chris’s achievements. To it one might readily add the following contributions:

6. Limit theorems in branching processes, as in a joint paper with E. Seneta (41).
7. Rates of convergence in the Central Limit Theorem, as considered in (65).
8. Inference in stochastic processes, as studied in (80).
9. The pioneering text (2), Martingale Limit Theory and its Application, written with P. G. Hall.
10. The clear exposition (8), as a book, of quasi-likelihood and its application.

We must also include Chris’s persistent interest in history as exemplified by his two books, I. J. Bienaymé: Statistical Theory Anticipated written with E. Seneta (1), and Statisticians of the Centuries edited with E. Seneta (11). This listing gives an overview of the immense span of his interests.

(15) includes commentaries on various areas of his research.

A most recent sphere of Chris’s activity was financial modelling. During the 1990s, while at Columbia University, his mathematical focus swung towards the stochastic modelling of long-range dependence and its effect on the observed behaviour of risky assets such as stocks. His ideas on dependence in models for financial returns, and the treatment of the heavy-tailedness of their distribution, have been hugely influential.

Chris’s key paper from this period is undoubtedly (176), followed by his paper with S. Liu (180). A more recent publication with N. N. Leonenko (202) is destined to become a classic. All build on his firm and long-held belief that the generalized symmetric t-distribution, because of its power-law tails, is the correct distribution for modelling stock market returns. With the support of Columbia University, he applied for and was granted a US Patent (13) arising out of this work.

Chris’s graduate MSc/MPhil students at the ANU by research thesis included P. G. Hall (later FAA FRS), R. J. Adler, I. M. Johnstone, C. W. Lloyd-Smith, I. S. McRae, A. M. Currie and A. Sly.

He supervised many PhDs, some of them jointly: V. Rohatgi at Michigan State University; P. D. Feigin, D. B. Pollard, R. Maller, D. J. Scott, J. R. Leslie, R. Gay, Y.-X. Lin, W. Dai, J. M. Senyonyi-Mubiru, B. Colbert, S. Hurst, S. M. Tam and B. Wong at the ANU; and Yanmei Yang and Olivier Nimeskern at Columbia. Supervision of Ross Maller (now himself a professor at the ANU) at SGS was continued by Eugene Seneta when Chris left the ANU for CSIRO. Ross now supervises Chris’s continuing students.

Epilogue

Chris was diagnosed with hairy-cell leukaemia eleven years before his death and underwent periods of treatment, including participation in a clinical trial in the USA, followed by periods of blessed remission. He completed his normal activities at Columbia University in the Fall of 2007, but early in 2008, in Canberra, metastatic melanoma was diagnosed. In an email message dated 20 January 2008 to one of us, he wrote: ‘Whatever happens, I certainly feel that I have had a fortunate life. I will be happy to have more,…but if not, I have had a good innings and can go in peace.’

We both saw him a few days before a scheduled hip replacement operation to relieve pain from pathological fracture. He died in Canberra just over a day after the operation, in the early morning of 6 March 2008.

The funeral was held at Holy Covenant Anglican Church, Dexter Street, Cook, ACT, not far from the Heyde home at Aranda, on Thursday 13 March, in the presence of family and many mourners and friends. His ashes lie in the grounds of Norwood Park Crematorium in Canberra, marked by a memorial plaque with an infinity sign and a butterfly.

About this memoir

This memoir was originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, vol.20, no.1, 2009. It was written by:

• E. Seneta, School of Mathematics and Statistics, FO7, University of Sydney, NSW 2006. Corresponding author. Email: eseneta@maths.usyd.edu.au
• J. M. Gani, Mathematical Sciences Institute, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200.

Acknowledgements

Our thanks are due to Dr Beth Heyde who provided detailed family history. She also transcribed speaking notes and gave us access to Chris Heyde’s meticulously stored archival material. We also thank Rosanne Walker, Librarian, Australian Academy of Science.

References

1. Feller,W.(1971)An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Vol. 2. (Wiley: New York).
2. Gani, J. (2005) ‘Fifty Years of Statistics at the Australian National University, 1952– 2002’, Historical Records of Australian Science, 16(1), 31–44.
3. Gani, J. (1994) ‘Edward James Hannan, 1921– 1994’, Historical Records of Australian Science, 10(2), 173–185.
4. Gani, J. and Seneta, E. (eds) (2004) Stochastic Methods and Their Applications: Papers in Honour of Chris Heyde (J.Appl. Prob., Special Vol. 41A) [Introduction by editors: pp. vii–x].
5. Gani, J. and Seneta, E. (2008) ‘Obituary: Christopher Charles Heyde, AM, DSc, FAA, FASSA’, Journal of Applied Probability, 45, 587–592.
6. Glasserman, P. and Kou, S. (2006) ‘A conversation with Chris Heyde’, Statistical Science, 21(2), 286–298.
7. Heyde, V. (2000) ‘Chris Heyde: Expert on work, coin collector, 1914–2000’, Sydney Morning Herald, 29 November 2000.
8. Nash, L. (2008) ‘Chris Heyde: An Appreciation’, Journal of Applied Probability, 45, 593–594.
9. Seneta, E. (2002) ‘In Memoriam: Emeritus Professor Henry Oliver Lancaster AO FAA, 1 February 1913–2 December 2001’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Statistics, 44(4), 385–400.
10. Seneta, E. and Eagleson, G. K. (2004) ‘Henry Oliver Lancaster, 1913–2001’, Historical Records of Australian Science, 15(2), 223–250.

Bibliography

Books, patent and film

1. I. J. Bienaymé: Statistical Theory Anticipated (with E. Seneta). Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977. xiv + 172 pp.
2. Martingale Limit Theory and its Application (with P. G. Hall). Academic Press, New York, 1980. xii + 308 pp.
3. Studies in Modelling and Statistical Science: Papers in Honour of J. Gani. C. C. Heyde (ed.). Austral. J. Statist., Special Volume 30A, 1988. ix + 309 pp.
4. Bicentennial History Issue. C. C. Heyde and E. Seneta (eds). Austral. J. Statist., Special Volume 30B, 1988. ix + 130 pp.
5. Youth Employment and Unemployment. W. Dunsmuir, C. C. Heyde and I. McRae (eds). Austral. J. Statist. Special Volume 31B, 1989. iii + 225 pp.
6. Branching Processes: Proceedings of the First World Congress. C. C. Heyde (ed.). Springer Lecture Notes in Statistics 99, 1995. vi + 179 pp.
7. Athens Conference on Applied Probability and Time SeriesAnalysis. Volume 1:Applied Probability. C. C. Heyde, Yu. V. Prohorov, R. Pyke and S. T. Rachev (eds). Springer Lecture Notes in Statistics 114, 1996. x + 448 pp.
8. Quasi-Likelihood and Its Application: General Theory of Optimal Parameter Estimation. Springer-Verlag, NewYork, 1997. ix + 235 pp.
9. Probability Towards 2000. L. Accardi and C. C. Heyde (eds). Springer Lecture Notes in Statistics 128, 1998. xi + 356 pp.
10. Special Issue on Long-Range Dependence. V. V. Anh and C. C. Heyde (eds). Austral. J. Statist, 80, 1999. vi + 290 pp.
11. Statisticians of the Centuries. C. C. Heyde and E. Seneta (eds). Springer-Verlag, New York, 2001. xii + 500 pp.
12. Selected Proceedings of the Symposium on Inference for Stochastic Processes. I. V. Basawa, C. C. Heyde and R. L. Taylor (eds). IMS Lecture Notes–Monographs Series, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Beach-wood, Ohio, Volume 37, 2001. 356 pp.
13. US Patent 6643631: ‘Method and system for modeling financial markets and assets using fractal activity time’, 4 November 2003.
14. ‘A Futuristic View on a Half-Century of Statistics and Applied Probability’: The 19th Pfizer Colloquium, presented at the University of Connecticut-Storrs, filmed November 4, 2005. ‘Filming of Distinguished Statisticians’ series, American Statistical Association [DVD deposited in Basser Library, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra].
15. Selected Works of C. C. Heyde. R. Maller (ed.). Selected Works in Probability and Statistics. Springer-Verlag, New York. [To appear in 2010.]

Papers and articles

1963

1. Some remarks on the moment problem I, Quarterly J. Math. (2nd series) Oxford, 14, 91–96.
2. Some remarks on the moment problem II, Quarterly J. Math. (2nd series) Oxford, 14, 97–105.
3. On a property of the lognormal distribution, J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B, 25, 392–393.

1964

4. Two probability theorems and their applications to some first passage problems, J. Austral. Math. Soc., 4, 214–222.
5. On the stationary waiting time distribution in the queue G1/G/1, J. Applied Prob., 1, 173–176.

1966

6. Some results on small deviation probability convergence rates for sums of independent random variables, Canadian J. Math., 18, 656–665.
7. Some renewal theorems with applications to a first passage problem, Ann. Math. Statist., 37, 699–710.

1967

8. A pair of complementary theorems on convergence rates in the law of large numbers (with V. K. Rohatgi), Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 63, 73–82.
9. Asymptotic renewal results for natural generalization of classical renewal theory, J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B, 29, 141–150.
10. Some local limit results in fluctuation theory, J. Austral. Math. Soc., 7, 455–464.
11. A limit theorem for random walks with drift,J. Applied Prob., 4, 144–150.
12. A contribution to the theory of large deviations for sums of independent random variables, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, 7, 303–308.
13. On the influence of moments on the rate of convergence to the normal distribution, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, 8, 12–18.
14. On large deviation problems for sums of random variables which are not attracted to the normal law, Ann. Math. Statist., 38, 1575–1578.

1968

15. A further generalization of the arc-sine law, J. Austral. Math. Soc., 8, 369–372.
16. On almost sure convergence for sums of independent random variables, Sankhya Ser.A, 30, 353–358.
17. Variations on a renewal theorem of Smith, Ann. Math. Statist., 39, 155–158.
18. On large deviation probabilities in the case of attraction to a non-normal stable law, Sankhya Ser. A, 30, 253–258.
19. On the converse to the iterated logarithm law, J. Applied Prob., 5, 210–215.
20. An extension of the Hájek-Rényi inequality for the case without moment conditions, J. Applied Prob., 5, 481–483.
21. On the growth of a random walk, Ann. Inst. Stat. Math., 20, 315–321.

1969

22. On extremal factorization and recurrent events, J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B, 31, 72–79.
23. A derivation of the ballot theorem from the Spitzer-Pollaczek identity, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 65, 755–757.
24. Some properties of metrics in a study on convergence to normality, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, 11, 181–192.
25. On a fluctuation theorem for processes with independent increments II, Ann. Math. Statist., 40, 688–691.
26. On the maximum of sums of random variables and the supremum functional for a stable process, J. Applied Prob., 6, 419–429.
27. A note concerning behaviour of iterated logarithm type, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 23, 85–90.
28. On extended rate of convergence results for the invariance principle, Ann. Math. Statist., 40, 2178–2179.
29. A stochastic approach to a one substrate one product enzyme reaction in the initial velocity phase (with Elizabeth Heyde), J. Theor. Biol., 25, 159–172.

1970

30. On some mixing sequences in queueing theory, Operations Research, 18, 312–315.
31. Extensions of a result of Seneta for the super-critical Galton-Watson process, Ann. Math. Statist., 41, 739–742.
32. Characterization of the normal law by the symmetry of a certain conditional distribution, Sankhya Ser. A, 32, 115–118.
33. On the implication of a certain rate of convergence to normality, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, 16, 151–156.
34. A rate of convergence result for the super-critical Galton-Walton process, J. Applied Prob., 7, 451–454.
35. On the departure from normality of a certain class of martingales (with B. M. Brown), Ann. Math. Statist., 41, 2161–2165.

1971

36. On the growth of the maximum queue length in a stable queue, Operations Research, 19, 447–452.
37. Stochastic fluctuations in a one substrate one product enzyme system: are they ever relevant? (with Elizabeth Heyde), J. Theor. Biol., 30, 395–404.
38. Some central limit analogues for super-critical Galton-Walton processes, J. Applied Prob., 8, 52–59.
39. An invariance principle and some convergence rate results for branching processes (with B. M. Brown), Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, 20, 271–278.
40. Some almost sure convergence theorems for branching processes, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, 20, 189–192.
41. Analogues of classical limit theorems for the super-critical Galton-Walton process with immigration (with E. Seneta), Math. Biosci., 11, 249–259.
42. Improved classical limit analogues for Galton-Walton processes with or without immigration (with J. R. Leslie), Bull. Austral. Math. Soc., 5, 145–155.

1972

43. On the influence of moments on approximations of portion of a Chebyshev series in central limit convergence (with J. R. Leslie), Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, 21, 255–268.
44. Estimation theory for growth and immigration rates in a multiplicative process (with E. Seneta), J. Applied Prob., 9, 235–256.
45. On limit theorems for quadratic functions of discrete time series (with E. J. Hannan), Ann. Math. Statist., 43, 2058–2066.
46. The simple branching process, a turning point test and a fundamental inequality: a historical note on I. J. Bienaymé (with E. Seneta), Biometrika, 59, 680–683.
47. Martingales: a case for a place in the statistician’s repertoire. Invited Paper, Austral. J. Statist., 14, 1–9.

1973

48. An iterated logarithm result for martingales and its application in estimation theory for autoregressive processes, J. Applied Prob., 10, 146–157.
49. On the uniform metric in the context of convergence to normality, Z.Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, 25, 83–95.
50. Invariance principles for the law of the iterated logarithm for martingales and processes with stationary increments (with D. J. Scott), Annals of Probability, 1, 428–436.
51. Revisits for transient random walk, Stoch. Proc. Appl., 1, 33–51.

1974

52. An iterated logarithm result for autocorrelations of a stationary linear process, Annals of Probability, 2, 328–332.
53. Notes on estimation theory for growth and immigration rates in a multiplicative process (with E. Seneta), J. Applied Prob., 11, 572–577.
54. Limit theory for stationary processes via approximating martingales, Abstract of invited paper given to the 3rd Conference on Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Sheffield, August 1973, Adv. Applied Prob., 6, 196–197.
55. On estimating variance of the offspring distribution in a simple branching process, Adv. Applied Prob., 6, 421–433.
56. On the central limit theorem for stationary processes, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, 30, 315–320.
57. On martingale limit theory and strong convergence results for stochastic approximation procedures, Stoch. Proc. Appl., 2, 359–370.

1975

58. A supplement to the strong law of large numbers, J. Applied Prob., 12, 173–175.
59. Remarks on efficiency in estimation for branching processes, Biometrika, 62, 49–55.
60. Kurtosis and departure from normality, in Statistical Distributions in Scientic Work,Vol. 1, Models and Structures, Eds G. P. Patil, S. Kotz and J. K. Ord, D. Riedel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, 193–201.
61. On efficiency and exponential families in stochastic process estimation (with P. D. Feigin) in Statistical Distributions in Scientifjc Work, Vol. 1, Models and Structures, Eds G. P. Patil, S. Kotz and J. K. Ord, D. Riedel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, 1975, 227–240.
62. On the central limit theorem and iterated logarithm law for stationary processes, Bull. Austral. Math. Soc., 12, 1–8.
63. The genetic balance between random sampling and random population size (with E. Seneta), J. Math. Biol., 1, 317–320.
64. Martingale methods in estimation theory, Abstract of invited paper given to the 4th Conference on Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Toronto, August 1974, Adv. Applied Prob., 7, 235–237.
65. A non-uniform bound on convergence to normality, Annals of Probability, 3, 903–907.
66. Bienaymé (with E. Seneta), Bull. Int. Statist. Inst., 46, Book 2, 318–331.

1976

67. Estimation of parameters for stochastic processes, Abstract of invited paper given to the First Conference of the CSIRO Division of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, February 1975, The Mathematical Scientist, Supplement 1, 3–5.
68. On a unified approach to the law of the iterated logarithm for martingales (with P. G. Hall), Bull. Austral. Math. Soc., 14, 435–447.
69. Asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators for stochastic processes (with I. V. Basawa and P. D. Feigin), Sankhya, Ser. A, 38, 259–270.
70. On asymptotic behaviour for the Hawkins random sieve, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 56, 277–280.
71. On moment measures of departure from the normal and exponential laws (with J. R. Leslie), Stoch. Proc. Appl., 4, 317–328.

1977

72. The effect of selection on genetic balance when the population size is varying, Theoret. Population Biol., 11, 249–251.
73. On the rate of convergence in the martingale convergence theorem,Abstract of invited paper given to the 6th Conference on Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Tel Aviv, June 1976, Adv. Applied Prob., 9, 196.
74. Some rate of convergence results for the martingale convergence theorem, Abstract of invited paper given to the 3rd Conference of the Statistical Society of Australia, Melbourne, August 1976, The Mathematical Scientist, 2, 141–143.
75. An optimal property of maximum likelihood with application to branching process estimation, Bull. Int. Statist. Inst., 47, Book 2, 407–417.
76. On central limit and iterated logarithm supplements to the martingale convergence theorem, J. Applied Prob., 14, 758–775.

1978

77. Bienaymé, lrenée Jules (with E. Seneta), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 15, 30–33.
78. Uniform bounding of probability generating functions and the evolution of reproduction rates in birds (with H.-J. Schuh), J. Applied Prob., 15, 243–250.
79. A log log improvement to the Riemann hypothesis for the Hawkins random sieve, Annals of Probability, 6, 870–875.
80. On an optimal asymptotic property of the maximum likelihood estimator of a parameter from a stochastic process, Stoch. Proc. Appl., 8, 1–9.
81. On an explanation for the characteristic clutch size of some bird species, Adv. Applied Prob., 10, 723–725.

1979

82. Applications of stochastic processes: some general principles and their illustration, The Mathematical Scientist, 4, 1–8.
83. On asymptotic posterior normality for stochastic processes (with I. M. Johnstone), J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B, 41, 184–189.
84. On central limit and iterated logarithm results for subadditive processes, Abstract of paper given to the 8th Conference on Stochastic Processes and their Applications, Canberra, July 1978, Adv. Applied Prob., 11, 283–284.
85. On assessing the potential severity of an outbreak of a rare infectious disease: a Bayesian approach, Austral. J. Statist., 21, 282–292.

1980

86. On a probabilistic analogue of the Fibonacci sequence, J. Applied Prob., 17, 1079–1082. Abstract in Adv. Applied Prob., 12, 282.

1981

87. Rates of convergence in the martingale central limit theorem (with P. Hall), Annals of Probability, 9, 395–404.
88. On Fibonacci (or lagged Bienaymé-Galton-Watson) branching processes, J. Applied Prob., 18, 583–591.
89. Invariance principles in statistics, International Statistical Review, 49, 143–152.
90. Looking forward into the 1980s: a personal view of the problems and prospects for the statistical profession. Presidential Address to the Statistical Society of Australia, August 1980. Austral. J. Statist., 23, 1–14.
91. On the survival of gene represented in a founder population, J. Math. Biol., 12, 91–99.
92. Trends in the statistical sciences. The Belz Lecture for 1980. Austral. J. Statist., 23, 273–286.

1982

93. The Australian Journal of Statistics, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 1, 147–148.
94. Estimation in the presence of a threshold theorem: principles and their illustration for the traffic intensity, in Statistics and Probability: Essays in Honour of C. R. Rao, Eds G. Kallianpur, P. R. Krishnaiah and J. K. Ghosh. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 317–323.
95. The effect of differential reproductive rates on the survival of a gene represented in a founder population, in Essays in Statistical Science, Eds J. Gani and E. J. Hannan, J. Applied Prob. Special Vol. 19A, 19–25.
96. Optimal estimation of the criticality parameter of a supercritical branching process having random environments (with A. G. Pakes), J. Applied Prob., 19, 415–420.
97. On the asymptotic behaviour of random walks on a anisotropic lattice, J. Statist. Phys., 27, 721–730.
98. Statistics (with J. Gani), in Mathematical Sciences in Australia 1981, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, 60–70.
99. On the number of terminal vertices in certain random trees with application of stemma construction in philology (with D. Najock), J. Applied Prob., 19, 675–680.
100. The asymptotic behaviour of a random walk on a dual medium lattice (with M. Westcott and E. R. Williams), J. Statist. Phys., 28, 375–380.
101. Further results on the survival of a gene represented in a founder population (with D. J. Daley and P. G. Hall), J. Math. Biol., 14, 355–363.

1983

102. Invariance principles and functional limit theorems, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 4, 225–228.
103. Law of the Iterated Logarithm, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 4, 528–530.
104. Law of Large Numbers, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 4, 566–568.
105. Limit Theorem, Central, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 4, 651–655.
106. The sociology of discovery in pre-20th century probability and statistics. 1. Period pre1830, The Mathematical Scientist, 8, 1–10.
107. The effect on humans of exposure to herbicides: a contentious contemporary problem in statistical inference, The Mathematical Scientist, 8, 63–73.
108. An alternative approach to asymptotic results on genetic composition when the population size is varying, J. Math. Biol., 18, 163–168.

1984

109. On limit theorems for gene survival, in Limit Theorems in Probability and Statistics. Ed. P. Révész, Colloquia Mathematica János Bolyai, 36, Vol. II, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 573–586.
110. On the asymptotic equivalence of L_p metrics for convergence to normality (with T. Nakata), Z.Wahrscheinhchkeitstheorie, 68, 97–106.

1985

111. On some new probabilistic developments of significance to statistics: martingales, long range dependence, fractals and random fields, in A Celebration of Statistics. The ISI Centenary Volume. Eds A. C. Atkinson and S. E. Fienberg, Springer, NewYork, 355–368.
112. Multidimensional and central limit theorems, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 5, 643–646.
113. Confidence intervals for demographic projections based on products of random matrices (with J. E. Cohen), Theoret. Population Biol., 27, 120–153.
114. On inference for demographic projection of small populations, in Proceedings of the Berkeley Conference in Honour of Jerzy Neyman and Jack Kiefer, Eds L. Le Cam and R. A. Olshen, Wadsworth, Monterey, Calif. Vol. 1, 215–223.
115. On macroscopic stochastic modelling of systems subject to criticality, The Mathematical Scientist, 10, 3–8.
116. An asymptotic representation for products of random matrices, Stoch. Proc. Appl., 20, 307–314.

1986

117. Probability Theory (Outline), in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 7, 248–252.
118. Quantile transformation methods, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 7, 432–433.
119. On the use of time series representations of population models, in Essays in Time Series and Allied Processes. J. Applied Prob., Special Vol. 23A, 345–353.
120. Random matrices, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 7, 549–551.
121. Random sum distributions, in Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Eds N. L. Johnson and S. Kotz. Wiley, New York, Vol. 7, 565–567.
122. Optimality in estimation for stochastic processes under both fixed and large sample conditions, in Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics. Proceedings of the Fourth Vilnius Conference, Eds V. Yu, Prohorov, V. A. Statulevicius, V. V. Sazonov and B. Griegelionis. VNU Sciences Press, Utrecht, Vol. I, 535–541.
123. Comment on the paper “Applications of Poisson’s work” by I. J. Good, Statistical Science, 1, 176–177.

1987

124. On combining quasi-likelihood estimating functions, Stoch. Proc. Appl., 25, 281–287.
125. Quasi-likelihood and optimal estimation (with V. P. Godambe), Int. Statist. Rev., 55, 231–244.
126. Optimal robust estimation for discrete time stochastic processes (with P. M. Kulkarni), Stoch. Proc. Appl., 26, 267–276.

1988

127. Some thoughts on stationary processes and linear time series analysis, A Celebration of Applied Probability. J. Applied Prob., 25A, 309–318.
128. Asymptotic efficiency results for the method of moments with application to estimation for queueing processes, in Queueing Theory and its Application. Liber Amicorum for J. W. Cohen, Eds O. J. Boxma and R. Syski, CWI Monograph No. 7, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 405–412.
129. Fixed sample and asymptotic optimality for classes of estimating functions, Contemporary Mathematics (Amer. Math. Soc.), 80, 241–247.
130. Official statistics in the late colonial period leading on to the work of the first Commonwealth Statistician, G. H. Knibbs, Austral. J. Statist., 30B, 23–43.

1989

131. On asymptotic quasi-likelihood estimation (with R. Gay), Stoch. Proc. Appl., 31, 223–236.
132. Comments in the discussion of the paper “An extension of quasi-likelihood estimation” by V. P. Godambe and M. E.Thompson, Austral. J. Statist, 22, 160.
133. On efficiency for quasi-likelihood and composite quasi-likelihood methods, in Statistical Data Analysis and Inference, Ed. Y. Dodge, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 209–213.
134. Quasi-likelihood and optimality for estimating functions: some current unifying themes, The Fisher Lecture, 1989, Bull. Int. Statist. Inst., 53, Book 1, 19–29.

1990

135. On a class of random field models which allows long-range dependence (with R. Gay), Biometrika, 77, 401–403.
136. Estimating population size from multiple recapture experiments (with N. Becker), Stoch. Proc. Applic., 36, 77–84.
137. A view from the mathematical sciences, in Proceedings of the Forum on the Profile of Australian Science, ASTEC, 41–44.

1991

138. Approximate confidence zones in an estimating function context (with Y.-X. Lin), in Estimating Functions, Ed. V. P. Godambe, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 161–168.

1992

139. Patrick Alfred Pierce Moran1917–1988. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 37, 366–379, and Historical Records of Australian Science, 9, 17–30.
140. “Thoughts on the modelling and identification of random processes and fields subject to possible long-range dependence” (with R. Gay), in Probability Theory, Eds L. H.Y. Chen, K. P. Choi, K. Hu and J.-H. Lou, de Gruyter, Berlin, 75–81.
141. The promotion and development of applied probability: a note on the contributions of J. Gani, in Selected Proceedings of the Symposium on Applied Probability, Eds I. V. Basawa and R. L. Taylor, IMS Monograph Series 18, Hayward, Calif., 9–11.
142. New developments in inference for temporal stochastic processes, Austral. J. Statist, 33, 121–129.
143. Some results on inference for stationary processes and queueing systems, in Queueing and Related Models, Eds U. N. Bhat and I. V. Basawa, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 337–345.
144. On best asymptotic confidence intervals for parameters of stochastic processes, Ann. Statist., 20, 603–607.
145. On quasi-likelihood methods and estimation for branching processes and hetero-scedastic regression models (with Y.-X. Lin), Austral. J. Statist., 34, 199–206.

1993

146. Weak convergence of probability measures, in Soviet Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Vol. 9, 448–449.
147. Smoothed periodogram asymptotics and estimation for processes and fields with possible long-range dependence (with R. Gay), Stoch. Proc. Applic., 45, 169–182.
148. Asymptotics for two-dimensional anisotropic random walks, in Stochastic Processes. A Festschrift in Honour of Gopinath Kallianpur, Eds S. Cambanis, J. K. Ghosh, R. L. Karandikar and P. K. Sen, Springer, New York, 125–130.
149. Quasi-likelihood and general theory of inference for stochastic processes, in 7th International Summer School on Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics, Lecture Notes, Eds A. Obretenov and V. T. Stefanov, Science Culture Technology Publishing, Singapore, 122–152.
150. Allan, Frances Elizabeth (1905–1952), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 13, 26–27.
151. Optimal estimating functions and Wedderburn’s quasi-likelihood (with Y.-X. Lin), Comm. Statist.Theory Meth., 22, 2341–2350.
152. Societies, membership and the future of ISI, Bull. Int. Statist. Inst., 49, Book 1, 79–84.
153. On constrained quasi-likelihood estimation (with R. Morton), Biometrika, 80, 755–761.

1994

154. On the effects of noise in systems involving products of random matrices, in Recent Advances in Statistics and Probability, Eds M. L. Puri and J. P. Vilaplana, VSP International Science Publishers, Netherlands, 277–284.
155. A quasi-likelihood approach to estimating parameters in diffusion type processes, in Studies in Applied Probability, Eds J. Galambos and J. Gani, J. Applied Prob., 31A, 283–290.
156. A quasi-likelihood approach to the REML estimating equations, Statistics and Probability Letters, 21, 381–384.
157. Edward James Hannan, 29 January 1921– 7 January 1994, Austral. Math. Soc. Gazette, 21, 121–122.

1995

158. On asymptotic optimality of estimating functions (with K. Chen), Austral. J. Statist, 48, 101–112.
159. A conversation with Joe Gani, Statistical Science, 10, 214–230.
160. On the robustness of limit theorems (with W. Dai), Bull. Internat. Statist. Inst., Vol. 56, Book 2, 549–555.

1996

161. Quasi-likelihood and generalizing the E-M algorithm (with R. Morton), J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B, 58, 317–327.
162. On the robustness to small trends of estimation based on the smoothed periodogram (with W. Dai), J. Time Series Analysis, 17, 141–150.
163. Ito’s formula with respect to fractional Brownian motion and its application (with W. Dai), J. Applied Math. Stochastic Analysis, 9, 439–448.
164. On the use of quasi-likelihood for estimation in hidden-Markov random fields, Austral. J. Statist, 50, 373–378.

1997

165. On spaces of estimating functions (with Y.-X. Lin), Austral. J. Statist, 63, 255–264.
166. Avoiding the likelihood, in Selected Proceedings of the Symposium on Estimating Equations, Eds I. V. Basawa, V. P. Godambe and R. L. Taylor, IMS Lecture Notes–Monograph Series, Vol. 32, 35–42.
167. On defining long-range dependence (with Y. Yang), J. Applied Prob., 34, 939–944.
168. Asymptotic optimality, in Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Suppl. No. 1, Ed. M. Hazewinkel, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 69–70.

1998

169. The chasm between the scientist and the media, in Statistics, Science and Public Policy, Eds A. M. Herzberg and I. Krupka, Proceedings of a Conference held at Herstmonceaux Castle, Hailsham, UK, April 10–13, 1996, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Chapter 5, 31–34.
170. Role of national academies, in Statistics, Science and Public Policy, Eds A. M. Herzberg and I. Krupka, Proceedings of a Conference held at Herstmonceaux Castle, Hailsham, UK, April 10–13, 1996, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Chapter 11, 65–68.
171. Multiple roots in general estimating equations (with R. Morton), Biometrika, 85, 954–959.
172. Fate more than roll of the dice, The Canberra Times, August 6, p. 14.
173. Risk assessment for catastrophic events, in Statistics, Science and Public Policy II, Hazards and Risks. Proceedings of a Conference held at Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, April 23– 25, 1997, Queens’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Chapter 13, 85–87.

1999

174. Prediction via estimating functions (with A. Thavaneswaran), Austral. J. Statist, 77, 89–101.
175. Stochastic models for fractal processes (with V. V. Anh and Q. Tieng), Austral. J. Statist, 80, 123–135.
176. A risky asset model with strong dependence through fractal activity time, J.Applied Prob., 36, 1234–1239.

2000

177. Comment on the paper “Eliminating multiple root problems in estimation” by C. G. Small, J. Wang and Z. Yang, Statistical Science, 15, 334–335.

2001

178. A note on filtering for long memory processes (with A. Thavaneswaran), in Stable Models in Finance and Econometrics, Math. Comput. Modelling, 34, 1139–1144.
179. The changing scene for higher education in science: a view from the statistical profession, in Statistics, Science and Public Policy V, Society, Science and Education. Proceedings of a Conference held at Herstmonceaux Castle, Hailsham, UK, April 26–29, 2000, Queens’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Chapter 2, 13–23.
180. Empirical realities for a minimal description risky asset model. The need for fractal features (with S. Liu), Principal Invited Paper, Mathematics in the New Millenium Conference,Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, October 2000, J. Korean Math. Soc., 38, 1047–1059.
181. An overview of the Symposium on Inference for Stochastic Processes, in Selected Proceedings of the Symposium on Inference for Stochastic Processes, Eds I. V. Basawa, C. C. Heyde and R. L. Taylor, IMS Lecture Notes–Monograph Series, Vol. 37, 3–7.
182. Shifting paradigms in inference, in Selected Proceedings of the Symposium on Inference for Stochastic Processes, Eds I. V. Basawa, C. C. Heyde and R. L. Taylor, IMS Lecture Notes–Monograph Series, Vol. 37, 9–21.
183. Fractal scaling and Black-Scholes: the full story. A new view of long-range dependence in stock prices (with S. Liu and R. Gay), JASSA. Journal of the Australian Society of Security Analysts, Issue 1, 29–32.
184. John Graunt, in Statisticians of the Centuries, Eds C. C. Heyde and E. Seneta, Springer-Verlag, New York, 14–16.
185. George Handley Knibbs, in Statisticians of the Centuries, Eds C. C. Heyde and E. Seneta, Springer-Verlag, New York, 257–260.
186. Agner Krarup Erlang, in Statisticians of the Centuries, Eds C. C. Heyde and E. Seneta, Springer-Verlag, New York, 328–330.
187. Parameter estimation of stochastic processes with long-range dependence and intermittency (with J. T. Gao, V. V. Anh and Q. Tieng), J. Time Series Anal., 22, 517–535.
188. On option pricing with the FATGBM risky asset model, Bull. Int. Statist. Inst., 53rd Session, Contributed Papers, 59, Book 3, 313–314.

2002

189. Probabilistic models, in Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, Eds A. H. El-Shaarawi and W. W. Piegorsch, Wiley, Chichester, Vol. 3, 1637–1638.
190. Statistical estimation of nonstationary Gaussian processes with long-range dependence and intermittency (with J. T. Gao and V. V. Anh), Stoch. Proc. Appl., 99, 295–321.
191. Obituary: Richard L. Tweedie, Appl. Stoch. Models Bus. Ind., 18, 1–2.
192. Dynamic models of long-memory processes driven by Lévy noise (with V. V. Anh and N. N. Leonenko), J. Applied Prob., 39, 730–747.
193. On modes of long-range dependence, J. Applied Prob., 39, 882–888.
194. Challenges facing statistics for the 21st century, in Advances in Statistics, Combinatorics and Related Areas, Eds C. Gulati, Y.-X. Lin, S. Mishra and J. Rayner, World Scientific, Singapore, 238–244.

2003

195. Some efficiency comparisons for estimators from quasi-likelihood and generalized estimating equations (with S. Liu), Mathematical Statistics and Applications: Festschrift in Honour of Constance van Eeden, Eds M. Moore, S. Froda and C. Leger, IMS Lecture Notes–Monographs Series, Vol. 42, 357–374.

2004

196. Comments on the paper “Evidence functions and the optimality of the law of likelihood” by S. Lele, in The Nature of Scientific Evidence: Empirical, Statistical and Philosophical Considerations, Eds M. L. Taper and S. Lele, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 203–205.
197. Asymptotics and criticality for a correlated Bernoulli process, Aust. N. Z. J. Stat., 46, 53–57.
198. The central limit theorem. Encyclopedia of Actuarial Science. (Eds-in-Chief J. Teugels and B. Sundt.) Wiley, Chichester, 1, 255–260.
199. On the controversy over tailweight of distributions (with S. G. Kou), Oper. Res. Letters, 32, 399–408.
200. On the martingale property of stochastic exponentials (with B. Wong), J. Applied Prob., 41, 654–664.
201. On subordinated market models (with A. Irle), in Proceedings of the International Sri Lankan Statistical Conference: Visions of Futuristic Methodologies, December Eds B. M. de Silva and N. Mukhopadhyay, Postgraduate Inst. Science, Univ. Peradenya, Sri Lanka, 1–15.

2005

202. Student processes (with N. N. Leonenko), Adv. Applied Prob., 37, 342–365.

2006

203. On the problem of discriminating between the tails of distributions (with K. Au), in Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Applications and Challenges, Proceedings of the University of Canberra International Statistical Workshop, April 2005, Eds P. Brown, S. Liu and D. Sharma, World Scientific, Singapore, 246–258.
204. On changes of measure in stochastic volatility models (with B. Wong), Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis, 18130.

2008

205. Non-standard limit theorem for infinite variance functionals (with A. Sly), Annals of Probability, 36, 796–805.
206. On estimation in conditionally heteroskedastic time series models under non-normal distributions (with S. Liu), Statistical Papers, 49, 455–469.
207. A cautionary note on model choice and the Kullback–Leibler information (with K. Au), J. Statist. Theor. Practice, 2, 221–232.

2009

208. Finite-time ruin probability with an exponential Lévy process investment return and heavy-tailed claims (with D. Wang), Adv. Applied Prob., 41, 206–224.

Forthcoming

209. A cautionary note on modeling with fractional Lévy flights (with A. Sly), Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. [To appear]
210. What is a good external risk measure: Bridging the gaps between robustness, subadditivity and insurance risk measures (with S. G. Kou and X. H. Peng). [Submitted]